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rdflib-6.1.1/docs/_static/pyramid.css 0000664 0000000 0000000 00000013131 14157741553 0017531 0 ustar 00root root 0000000 0000000 /*
* pylons.css_t
* ~~~~~~~~~~~~
*
* Sphinx stylesheet -- pylons theme.
*
* :copyright: Copyright 2007-2010 by the Sphinx team, see AUTHORS.
* :license: BSD, see LICENSE for details.
*
*/
@import url("basic.css");
/* -- page layout ----------------------------------------------------------- */
body {
font-family: "Nobile", sans-serif;
font-size: 100%;
background-color: #393939;
color: #ffffff;
margin: 0;
padding: 0;
}
div.documentwrapper {
float: left;
width: 100%;
}
div.bodywrapper {
margin: 0 0 0 230px;
}
hr {
border: 1px solid #B1B4B6;
}
div.document {
background-color: #eee;
}
div.header {
width:100%;
background: #f4ad32 url(headerbg.png) repeat-x 0 top;
border-bottom: 2px solid #ffffff;
}
div.logo {
text-align: center;
padding-top: 10px;
}
div.body {
background-color: #ffffff;
color: #3E4349;
padding: 0 30px 30px 30px;
font-size: 1em;
border: 2px solid #ddd;
border-right-style: none;
overflow: auto;
}
div.footer {
color: #ffffff;
width: 100%;
padding: 13px 0;
text-align: center;
font-size: 75%;
background: transparent;
clear:both;
}
div.footer a {
color: #ffffff;
text-decoration: none;
}
div.footer a:hover {
color: #e88f00;
text-decoration: underline;
}
div.related {
line-height: 30px;
color: #373839;
font-size: 0.8em;
background-color: #eee;
}
div.related a {
color: #1b61d6;
}
div.related ul {
padding-left: 240px;
}
div.sphinxsidebar {
font-size: 0.75em;
line-height: 1.5em;
}
div.sphinxsidebarwrapper{
padding: 10px 0;
}
div.sphinxsidebar h3,
div.sphinxsidebar h4 {
font-family: "Neuton", sans-serif;
color: #373839;
font-size: 1.4em;
font-weight: normal;
margin: 0;
padding: 5px 10px;
border-bottom: 2px solid #ddd;
}
div.sphinxsidebar h4{
font-size: 1.3em;
}
div.sphinxsidebar h3 a {
color: #000000;
}
div.sphinxsidebar p {
color: #888;
padding: 5px 20px;
}
div.sphinxsidebar p.topless {
}
div.sphinxsidebar ul {
margin: 10px 20px;
padding: 0;
color: #373839;
}
div.sphinxsidebar a {
color: #444;
}
div.sphinxsidebar input {
border: 1px solid #ccc;
font-family: sans-serif;
font-size: 1em;
}
div.sphinxsidebar input[type=text]{
margin-left: 20px;
}
/* -- sidebars -------------------------------------------------------------- */
div.sidebar {
margin: 0 0 0.5em 1em;
border: 2px solid #c6d880;
background-color: #e6efc2;
width: 40%;
float: right;
border-right-style: none;
border-left-style: none;
padding: 10px 20px;
}
p.sidebar-title {
font-weight: bold;
}
/* -- body styles ----------------------------------------------------------- */
a, a .pre {
color: #1b61d6;
text-decoration: none;
}
a:hover, a:hover .pre {
text-decoration: underline;
}
div.body h1,
div.body h2,
div.body h3,
div.body h4,
div.body h5,
div.body h6 {
font-family: "Neuton", sans-serif;
background-color: #ffffff;
font-weight: normal;
color: #373839;
margin: 30px 0px 10px 0px;
padding: 5px 0;
}
div.body h1 { border-top: 20px solid white; margin-top: 0; font-size: 200%; }
div.body h2 { font-size: 150%; background-color: #ffffff; }
div.body h3 { font-size: 120%; background-color: #ffffff; }
div.body h4 { font-size: 110%; background-color: #ffffff; }
div.body h5 { font-size: 100%; background-color: #ffffff; }
div.body h6 { font-size: 100%; background-color: #ffffff; }
a.headerlink {
color: #1b61d6;
font-size: 0.8em;
padding: 0 4px 0 4px;
text-decoration: none;
}
a.headerlink:hover {
text-decoration: underline;
}
div.body p, div.body dd, div.body li {
line-height: 1.5em;
}
div.admonition p.admonition-title + p {
display: inline;
}
div.highlight{
background-color: white;
}
div.note {
border: 2px solid #7a9eec;
border-right-style: none;
border-left-style: none;
padding: 10px 20px 10px 60px;
background: #e1ecfe url(dialog-note.png) no-repeat 10px 8px;
}
div.seealso {
background: #fff6bf url(dialog-seealso.png) no-repeat 10px 8px;
border: 2px solid #ffd324;
border-left-style: none;
border-right-style: none;
padding: 10px 20px 10px 60px;
}
div.topic {
background: #eeeeee;
border: 2px solid #C6C9CB;
padding: 10px 20px;
border-right-style: none;
border-left-style: none;
}
div.warning {
background: #fbe3e4 url(dialog-warning.png) no-repeat 10px 8px;
border: 2px solid #fbc2c4;
border-right-style: none;
border-left-style: none;
padding: 10px 20px 10px 60px;
}
p.admonition-title {
display: none;
}
p.admonition-title:after {
content: ":";
}
pre {
padding: 10px;
background-color: #fafafa;
color: #222;
line-height: 1.2em;
border: 2px solid #C6C9CB;
font-size: 1.1em;
margin: 1.5em 0 1.5em 0;
border-right-style: none;
border-left-style: none;
}
tt {
background-color: transparent;
color: #222;
font-size: 1.1em;
font-family: monospace;
}
.viewcode-back {
font-family: "Nobile", sans-serif;
}
div.viewcode-block:target {
background-color: #fff6bf;
border: 2px solid #ffd324;
border-left-style: none;
border-right-style: none;
padding: 10px 20px;
}
table.highlighttable {
width: 100%;
}
table.highlighttable td {
padding: 0;
}
a em.std-term {
color: #007f00;
}
a:hover em.std-term {
text-decoration: underline;
}
.download {
font-family: "Nobile", sans-serif;
font-weight: normal;
font-style: normal;
}
tt.xref {
font-weight: normal;
font-style: normal;
} rdflib-6.1.1/docs/_themes/ 0000775 0000000 0000000 00000000000 14157741553 0015351 5 ustar 00root root 0000000 0000000 rdflib-6.1.1/docs/_themes/armstrong/ 0000775 0000000 0000000 00000000000 14157741553 0017365 5 ustar 00root root 0000000 0000000 rdflib-6.1.1/docs/_themes/armstrong/LICENSE 0000664 0000000 0000000 00000002215 14157741553 0020372 0 ustar 00root root 0000000 0000000 Copyright (c) 2011 Bay Citizen & Texas Tribune
Original ReadTheDocs.org code
Copyright (c) 2010 Charles Leifer, Eric Holscher, Bobby Grace
Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person
obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation
files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without
restriction, including without limitation the rights to use,
copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the
Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following
conditions:
The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be
included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES
OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND
NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT
HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY,
WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING
FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR
OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
rdflib-6.1.1/docs/_themes/armstrong/README 0000664 0000000 0000000 00000000160 14157741553 0020242 0 ustar 00root root 0000000 0000000 This is the Armstrong Sphinx theme from https://github.com/armstrong/armstrong_sphinx
Used under BSD license.
rdflib-6.1.1/docs/_themes/armstrong/layout.html 0000664 0000000 0000000 00000003175 14157741553 0021576 0 ustar 00root root 0000000 0000000 {% extends "basic/layout.html" %}
{% set script_files = script_files + [pathto("_static/searchtools.js", 1)] %}
{% block htmltitle %}
{{ super() }}
{% endblock %}
{% block footer %}
{% if theme_analytics_code %}
{% endif %}
{% endblock %}
rdflib-6.1.1/docs/_themes/armstrong/static/ 0000775 0000000 0000000 00000000000 14157741553 0020654 5 ustar 00root root 0000000 0000000 rdflib-6.1.1/docs/_themes/armstrong/static/rtd.css_t 0000664 0000000 0000000 00000041030 14157741553 0022500 0 ustar 00root root 0000000 0000000 /*
* rtd.css
* ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
*
* Sphinx stylesheet -- sphinxdoc theme. Originally created by
* Armin Ronacher for Werkzeug.
*
* Customized for ReadTheDocs by Eric Pierce & Eric Holscher
*
* :copyright: Copyright 2007-2010 by the Sphinx team, see AUTHORS.
* :license: BSD, see LICENSE for details.
*
*/
/* RTD colors
* light blue: {{ theme_light_color }}
* medium blue: {{ theme_medium_color }}
* dark blue: {{ theme_dark_color }}
* dark grey: {{ theme_grey_color }}
*
* medium blue hover: {{ theme_medium_color_hover }};
* green highlight: {{ theme_green_highlight }}
* light blue (project bar): {{ theme_light_color }}
*/
@import url("basic.css");
/* PAGE LAYOUT -------------------------------------------------------------- */
body {
font: 100%/1.5 "ff-meta-web-pro-1","ff-meta-web-pro-2",Arial,"Helvetica Neue",sans-serif;
text-align: center;
color: black;
background-color: {{ theme_background }};
padding: 0;
margin: 0;
}
div.document {
text-align: left;
background-color: {{ theme_light_color }};
}
div.bodywrapper {
background-color: {{ theme_white }};
border-left: 1px solid {{ theme_lighter_gray }};
border-bottom: 1px solid {{ theme_lighter_gray }};
margin: 0 0 0 16em;
}
div.body {
margin: 0;
padding: 0.5em 1.3em;
max-width: 55em;
min-width: 20em;
}
div.related {
font-size: 1em;
background-color: {{ theme_background }};
}
div.documentwrapper {
float: left;
width: 100%;
background-color: {{ theme_light_color }};
}
p.logo {
padding-top: 30px;
}
/* HEADINGS --------------------------------------------------------------- */
h1 {
margin: 0;
padding: 0.7em 0 0.3em 0;
font-size: 1.5em;
line-height: 1.15;
color: {{ theme_h1 }};
clear: both;
}
h2 {
margin: 2em 0 0.2em 0;
font-size: 1.35em;
padding: 0;
color: {{ theme_h2 }};
}
h3 {
margin: 1em 0 -0.3em 0;
font-size: 1.2em;
color: {{ theme_h3 }};
}
div.body h1 a, div.body h2 a, div.body h3 a, div.body h4 a, div.body h5 a, div.body h6 a {
color: black;
}
h1 a.anchor, h2 a.anchor, h3 a.anchor, h4 a.anchor, h5 a.anchor, h6 a.anchor {
display: none;
margin: 0 0 0 0.3em;
padding: 0 0.2em 0 0.2em;
color: {{ theme_gray_a }} !important;
}
h1:hover a.anchor, h2:hover a.anchor, h3:hover a.anchor, h4:hover a.anchor,
h5:hover a.anchor, h6:hover a.anchor {
display: inline;
}
h1 a.anchor:hover, h2 a.anchor:hover, h3 a.anchor:hover, h4 a.anchor:hover,
h5 a.anchor:hover, h6 a.anchor:hover {
color: {{ theme_gray_7 }};
background-color: {{ theme_dirty_white }};
}
/* LINKS ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
/* Normal links get a pseudo-underline */
a {
color: {{ theme_link_color }};
text-decoration: none;
border-bottom: 1px solid {{ theme_link_color_decoration }};
}
/* Links in sidebar, TOC, index trees and tables have no underline */
.sphinxsidebar a,
.toctree-wrapper a,
.indextable a,
#indices-and-tables a {
color: {{ theme_dark_gray }};
text-decoration: none;
border-bottom: none;
}
/* Most links get an underline-effect when hovered */
a:hover,
div.toctree-wrapper a:hover,
.indextable a:hover,
#indices-and-tables a:hover {
color: {{ theme_black }};
text-decoration: none;
border-bottom: 1px solid {{ theme_black }};
}
/* Footer links */
div.footer a {
color: {{ theme_background_text_link }};
text-decoration: none;
border: none;
}
div.footer a:hover {
color: {{ theme_medium_color_link_hover }};
text-decoration: underline;
border: none;
}
/* Permalink anchor (subtle grey with a red hover) */
div.body a.headerlink {
color: {{ theme_lighter_gray }};
font-size: 1em;
margin-left: 6px;
padding: 0 4px 0 4px;
text-decoration: none;
border: none;
}
div.body a.headerlink:hover {
color: {{ theme_negative_text }};
border: none;
}
/* NAVIGATION BAR --------------------------------------------------------- */
div.related ul {
height: 2.5em;
}
div.related ul li {
margin: 0;
padding: 0.65em 0;
float: left;
display: block;
color: {{ theme_background_link_half }}; /* For the >> separators */
font-size: 0.8em;
}
div.related ul li.right {
float: right;
margin-right: 5px;
color: transparent; /* Hide the | separators */
}
/* "Breadcrumb" links in nav bar */
div.related ul li a {
order: none;
background-color: inherit;
font-weight: bold;
margin: 6px 0 6px 4px;
line-height: 1.75em;
color: {{ theme_background_link }};
text-shadow: 0 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5);
padding: 0.4em 0.8em;
border: none;
border-radius: 3px;
}
/* previous / next / modules / index links look more like buttons */
div.related ul li.right a {
margin: 0.375em 0;
background-color: {{ theme_medium_color_hover }};
text-shadow: 0 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5);
border-radius: 3px;
-webkit-border-radius: 3px;
-moz-border-radius: 3px;
}
/* All navbar links light up as buttons when hovered */
div.related ul li a:hover {
background-color: {{ theme_medium_color }};
color: {{ theme_white }};
text-decoration: none;
border-radius: 3px;
-webkit-border-radius: 3px;
-moz-border-radius: 3px;
}
/* Take extra precautions for tt within links */
a tt,
div.related ul li a tt {
background: inherit !important;
color: inherit !important;
}
/* SIDEBAR ---------------------------------------------------------------- */
div.sphinxsidebarwrapper {
padding: 0;
}
div.sphinxsidebar {
margin: 0;
margin-left: -100%;
float: left;
top: 3em;
left: 0;
padding: 0 1em;
width: 14em;
font-size: 1em;
text-align: left;
background-color: {{ theme_light_color }};
}
div.sphinxsidebar img {
max-width: 12em;
}
div.sphinxsidebar h3, div.sphinxsidebar h4 {
margin: 1.2em 0 0.3em 0;
font-size: 1em;
padding: 0;
color: {{ theme_gray_2 }};
font-family: "ff-meta-web-pro-1", "ff-meta-web-pro-2", "Arial", "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif;
}
div.sphinxsidebar h3 a {
color: {{ theme_grey_color }};
}
div.sphinxsidebar ul,
div.sphinxsidebar p {
margin-top: 0;
padding-left: 0;
line-height: 130%;
background-color: {{ theme_light_color }};
}
/* No bullets for nested lists, but a little extra indentation */
div.sphinxsidebar ul ul {
list-style-type: none;
margin-left: 1.5em;
padding: 0;
}
/* A little top/bottom padding to prevent adjacent links' borders
* from overlapping each other */
div.sphinxsidebar ul li {
padding: 1px 0;
}
/* A little left-padding to make these align with the ULs */
div.sphinxsidebar p.topless {
padding-left: 0 0 0 1em;
}
/* Make these into hidden one-liners */
div.sphinxsidebar ul li,
div.sphinxsidebar p.topless {
white-space: nowrap;
overflow: hidden;
}
/* ...which become visible when hovered */
div.sphinxsidebar ul li:hover,
div.sphinxsidebar p.topless:hover {
overflow: visible;
}
/* Search text box and "Go" button */
#searchbox {
margin-top: 2em;
margin-bottom: 1em;
background: {{ theme_dirtier_white }};
padding: 0.5em;
border-radius: 6px;
-moz-border-radius: 6px;
-webkit-border-radius: 6px;
}
#searchbox h3 {
margin-top: 0;
}
/* Make search box and button abut and have a border */
input,
div.sphinxsidebar input {
border: 1px solid {{ theme_gray_9 }};
float: left;
}
/* Search textbox */
input[type="text"] {
margin: 0;
padding: 0 3px;
height: 20px;
width: 144px;
border-top-left-radius: 3px;
border-bottom-left-radius: 3px;
-moz-border-radius-topleft: 3px;
-moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 3px;
-webkit-border-top-left-radius: 3px;
-webkit-border-bottom-left-radius: 3px;
}
/* Search button */
input[type="submit"] {
margin: 0 0 0 -1px; /* -1px prevents a double-border with textbox */
height: 22px;
color: {{ theme_dark_gray }};
background-color: {{ theme_light_color }};
padding: 1px 4px;
font-weight: bold;
border-top-right-radius: 3px;
border-bottom-right-radius: 3px;
-moz-border-radius-topright: 3px;
-moz-border-radius-bottomright: 3px;
-webkit-border-top-right-radius: 3px;
-webkit-border-bottom-right-radius: 3px;
}
input[type="submit"]:hover {
color: {{ theme_white }};
background-color: {{ theme_green_highlight }};
}
div.sphinxsidebar p.searchtip {
clear: both;
padding: 0.5em 0 0 0;
background: {{ theme_dirtier_white }};
color: {{ theme_gray }};
font-size: 0.9em;
}
/* Sidebar links are unusual */
div.sphinxsidebar li a,
div.sphinxsidebar p a {
background: {{ theme_light_color }}; /* In case links overlap main content */
border-radius: 3px;
-moz-border-radius: 3px;
-webkit-border-radius: 3px;
border: 1px solid transparent; /* To prevent things jumping around on hover */
padding: 0 5px 0 5px;
}
div.sphinxsidebar li a:hover,
div.sphinxsidebar p a:hover {
color: {{ theme_black }};
text-decoration: none;
border: 1px solid {{ theme_light_gray }};
}
/* Tweak any link appearing in a heading */
div.sphinxsidebar h3 a {
}
/* OTHER STUFF ------------------------------------------------------------ */
cite, code, tt {
font-family: 'Consolas', 'Deja Vu Sans Mono',
'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', monospace;
font-size: 0.95em;
letter-spacing: 0.01em;
}
tt {
background-color: {{ theme_code_background }};
color: {{ theme_dark_gray }};
}
tt.descname, tt.descclassname, tt.xref {
border: 0;
}
hr {
border: 1px solid {{ theme_ruler }};
margin: 2em;
}
pre, #_fontwidthtest {
font-family: 'Consolas', 'Deja Vu Sans Mono',
'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', monospace;
margin: 1em 2em;
font-size: 0.95em;
letter-spacing: 0.015em;
line-height: 120%;
padding: 0.5em;
border: 1px solid {{ theme_lighter_gray }};
background-color: {{ theme_code_background }};
border-radius: 6px;
-moz-border-radius: 6px;
-webkit-border-radius: 6px;
}
pre a {
color: inherit;
text-decoration: underline;
}
td.linenos pre {
padding: 0.5em 0;
}
div.quotebar {
background-color: {{ theme_almost_white }};
max-width: 250px;
float: right;
padding: 2px 7px;
border: 1px solid {{ theme_lighter_gray }};
}
div.topic {
background-color: {{ theme_almost_white }};
}
table {
border-collapse: collapse;
margin: 0 -0.5em 0 0;
}
table td, table th {
padding: 0.2em 0.5em 0.2em 0.5em;
}
/* ADMONITIONS AND WARNINGS ------------------------------------------------- */
/* Shared by admonitions, warnings and sidebars */
div.admonition,
div.warning,
div.sidebar {
font-size: 0.9em;
margin: 2em;
padding: 0;
/*
border-radius: 6px;
-moz-border-radius: 6px;
-webkit-border-radius: 6px;
*/
}
div.admonition p,
div.warning p,
div.sidebar p {
margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 1em;
padding: 0;
}
div.admonition pre,
div.warning pre,
div.sidebar pre {
margin: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 1em;
}
div.admonition p.admonition-title,
div.warning p.admonition-title,
div.sidebar p.sidebar-title {
margin: 0;
padding: 0.1em 0 0.1em 0.5em;
color: white;
font-weight: bold;
font-size: 1.1em;
text-shadow: 0 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5);
}
div.admonition ul, div.admonition ol,
div.warning ul, div.warning ol,
div.sidebar ul, div.sidebar ol {
margin: 0.1em 0.5em 0.5em 3em;
padding: 0;
}
/* Admonitions and sidebars only */
div.admonition, div.sidebar {
border: 1px solid {{ theme_positive_dark }};
background-color: {{ theme_positive_light }};
}
div.admonition p.admonition-title,
div.sidebar p.sidebar-title {
background-color: {{ theme_positive_medium }};
border-bottom: 1px solid {{ theme_positive_dark }};
}
/* Warnings only */
div.warning {
border: 1px solid {{ theme_negative_dark }};
background-color: {{ theme_negative_light }};
}
div.warning p.admonition-title {
background-color: {{ theme_negative_medium }};
border-bottom: 1px solid {{ theme_negative_dark }};
}
/* Sidebars only */
div.sidebar {
max-width: 200px;
}
div.versioninfo {
margin: 1em 0 0 0;
border: 1px solid {{ theme_lighter_gray }};
background-color: {{ theme_light_medium_color }};
padding: 8px;
line-height: 1.3em;
font-size: 0.9em;
}
.viewcode-back {
font-family: 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'Geneva',
'Verdana', sans-serif;
}
div.viewcode-block:target {
background-color: {{ theme_viewcode_bg }};
border-top: 1px solid {{ theme_viewcode_border }};
border-bottom: 1px solid {{ theme_viewcode_border }};
}
dl {
margin: 1em 0 2.5em 0;
}
/* Highlight target when you click an internal link */
dt:target {
background: {{ theme_highlight }};
}
/* Don't highlight whole divs */
div.highlight {
background: transparent;
}
/* But do highlight spans (so search results can be highlighted) */
span.highlight {
background: {{ theme_highlight }};
}
div.footer {
background-color: {{ theme_background }};
color: {{ theme_background_text }};
padding: 0 2em 2em 2em;
clear: both;
font-size: 0.8em;
text-align: center;
}
p {
margin: 0.8em 0 0.5em 0;
}
.section p img {
margin: 1em 2em;
}
/* MOBILE LAYOUT -------------------------------------------------------------- */
@media screen and (max-width: 600px) {
h1, h2, h3, h4, h5 {
position: relative;
}
ul {
padding-left: 1.75em;
}
div.bodywrapper a.headerlink, #indices-and-tables h1 a {
color: {{ theme_almost_dirty_white }};
font-size: 80%;
float: right;
line-height: 1.8;
position: absolute;
right: -0.7em;
visibility: inherit;
}
div.bodywrapper h1 a.headerlink, #indices-and-tables h1 a {
line-height: 1.5;
}
pre {
font-size: 0.7em;
overflow: auto;
word-wrap: break-word;
white-space: pre-wrap;
}
div.related ul {
height: 2.5em;
padding: 0;
text-align: left;
}
div.related ul li {
clear: both;
color: {{ theme_dark_color }};
padding: 0.2em 0;
}
div.related ul li:last-child {
border-bottom: 1px dotted {{ theme_medium_color }};
padding-bottom: 0.4em;
margin-bottom: 1em;
width: 100%;
}
div.related ul li a {
color: {{ theme_dark_color }};
padding-right: 0;
}
div.related ul li a:hover {
background: inherit;
color: inherit;
}
div.related ul li.right {
clear: none;
padding: 0.65em 0;
margin-bottom: 0.5em;
}
div.related ul li.right a {
color: {{ theme_white }};
padding-right: 0.8em;
}
div.related ul li.right a:hover {
background-color: {{ theme_medium_color }};
}
div.body {
clear: both;
min-width: 0;
word-wrap: break-word;
}
div.bodywrapper {
margin: 0 0 0 0;
}
div.sphinxsidebar {
float: none;
margin: 0;
width: auto;
}
div.sphinxsidebar input[type="text"] {
height: 2em;
line-height: 2em;
width: 70%;
}
div.sphinxsidebar input[type="submit"] {
height: 2em;
margin-left: 0.5em;
width: 20%;
}
div.sphinxsidebar p.searchtip {
background: inherit;
margin-bottom: 1em;
}
div.sphinxsidebar ul li, div.sphinxsidebar p.topless {
white-space: normal;
}
.bodywrapper img {
display: block;
margin-left: auto;
margin-right: auto;
max-width: 100%;
}
div.documentwrapper {
float: none;
}
div.admonition, div.warning, pre, blockquote {
margin-left: 0em;
margin-right: 0em;
}
.body p img {
margin: 0;
}
#searchbox {
background: transparent;
}
.related:not(:first-child) li {
display: none;
}
.related:not(:first-child) li.right {
display: block;
}
div.footer {
padding: 1em;
}
.rtd_doc_footer .badge {
float: none;
margin: 1em auto;
position: static;
}
.rtd_doc_footer .badge.revsys-inline {
margin-right: auto;
margin-bottom: 2em;
}
table.indextable {
display: block;
width: auto;
}
.indextable tr {
display: block;
}
.indextable td {
display: block;
padding: 0;
width: auto !important;
}
.indextable td dt {
margin: 1em 0;
}
ul.search {
margin-left: 0.25em;
}
ul.search li div.context {
font-size: 90%;
line-height: 1.1;
margin-bottom: 1;
margin-left: 0;
}
}
rdflib-6.1.1/docs/_themes/armstrong/theme-old.conf 0000664 0000000 0000000 00000002541 14157741553 0022114 0 ustar 00root root 0000000 0000000 [theme]
inherit = default
stylesheet = rtd.css
pygment_style = default
show_sphinx = False
[options]
show_rtd = True
white = #ffffff
almost_white = #f8f8f8
barely_white = #f2f2f2
dirty_white = #eeeeee
almost_dirty_white = #e6e6e6
dirtier_white = #DAC6AF
lighter_gray = #cccccc
gray_a = #aaaaaa
gray_9 = #999999
light_gray = #888888
gray_7 = #777777
gray = #666666
dark_gray = #444444
gray_2 = #222222
black = #111111
light_color = #EDE4D8
light_medium_color = #DDEAF0
medium_color_link = #634320
medium_color_link_hover = #261a0c
dark_color = rgba(160, 109, 52, 1.0)
h1 = #1f3744
h2 = #335C72
h3 = #638fa6
link_color = #335C72
link_color_decoration = #99AEB9
medium_color_hover = rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.25)
medium_color = rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.5)
green_highlight = #8ecc4c
positive_dark = rgba(51, 77, 0, 1.0)
positive_medium = rgba(102, 153, 0, 1.0)
positive_light = rgba(102, 153, 0, 0.1)
negative_dark = rgba(51, 13, 0, 1.0)
negative_medium = rgba(204, 51, 0, 1.0)
negative_light = rgba(204, 51, 0, 0.1)
negative_text = #c60f0f
ruler = #abc
viewcode_bg = #f4debf
viewcode_border = #ac9
highlight = #ffe080
code_background = rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.075)
background = rgba(135, 57, 34, 1.0)
background_link = rgba(212, 195, 172, 1.0)
background_link_half = rgba(212, 195, 172, 0.5)
background_text = rgba(212, 195, 172, 1.0)
background_text_link = rgba(171, 138, 93, 1.0)
rdflib-6.1.1/docs/_themes/armstrong/theme.conf 0000664 0000000 0000000 00000002173 14157741553 0021341 0 ustar 00root root 0000000 0000000 [theme]
inherit = default
stylesheet = rtd.css
pygment_style = default
show_sphinx = False
[options]
show_rtd = True
white = #ffffff
almost_white = #f8f8f8
barely_white = #f2f2f2
dirty_white = #eeeeee
almost_dirty_white = #e6e6e6
dirtier_white = #dddddd
lighter_gray = #cccccc
gray_a = #aaaaaa
gray_9 = #999999
light_gray = #888888
gray_7 = #777777
gray = #666666
dark_gray = #444444
gray_2 = #222222
black = #111111
light_color = #e8ecef
light_medium_color = #DDEAF0
medium_color = #8ca1af
medium_color_link = #86989b
medium_color_link_hover = #a6b8bb
dark_color = #465158
h1 = #000000
h2 = #465158
h3 = #6c818f
link_color = #444444
link_color_decoration = #CCCCCC
medium_color_hover = #697983
green_highlight = #8ecc4c
positive_dark = #609060
positive_medium = #70a070
positive_light = #e9ffe9
negative_dark = #900000
negative_medium = #b04040
negative_light = #ffe9e9
negative_text = #c60f0f
ruler = #abc
viewcode_bg = #f4debf
viewcode_border = #ac9
highlight = #ffe080
code_background = #eeeeee
background = #465158
background_link = #ffffff
background_link_half = #ffffff
background_text = #eeeeee
background_text_link = #86989b
rdflib-6.1.1/docs/apidocs/ 0000775 0000000 0000000 00000000000 14157741553 0015347 5 ustar 00root root 0000000 0000000 rdflib-6.1.1/docs/apidocs/.gitignore 0000664 0000000 0000000 00000000030 14157741553 0017330 0 ustar 00root root 0000000 0000000 modules.rst
rdflib*.rst
rdflib-6.1.1/docs/apidocs/examples.rst 0000664 0000000 0000000 00000004536 14157741553 0017727 0 ustar 00root root 0000000 0000000 examples Package
================
These examples all live in ``./examples`` in the source-distribution of RDFLib.
:mod:`conjunctive_graphs` Module
--------------------------------
.. automodule:: examples.conjunctive_graphs
:members:
:undoc-members:
:show-inheritance:
:mod:`custom_datatype` Module
-----------------------------
.. automodule:: examples.custom_datatype
:members:
:undoc-members:
:show-inheritance:
:mod:`custom_eval` Module
-------------------------
.. automodule:: examples.custom_eval
:members:
:undoc-members:
:show-inheritance:
:mod:`film` Module
------------------
.. automodule:: examples.film
:members:
:mod:`foafpaths` Module
-----------------------
.. automodule:: examples.foafpaths
:members:
:undoc-members:
:show-inheritance:
:mod:`prepared_query` Module
----------------------------
.. automodule:: examples.prepared_query
:members:
:undoc-members:
:show-inheritance:
:mod:`resource_example` Module
------------------------------
.. automodule:: examples.resource_example
:members:
:undoc-members:
:show-inheritance:
:mod:`berkeleydb_example` Module
--------------------------------
.. automodule:: examples.berkeleydb_example
:members:
:undoc-members:
:show-inheritance:
:mod:`slice` Module
-------------------
.. automodule:: examples.slice
:members:
:undoc-members:
:show-inheritance:
:mod:`smushing` Module
----------------------
.. automodule:: examples.smushing
:members:
:undoc-members:
:show-inheritance:
:mod:`sparql_query_example` Module
----------------------------------
.. automodule:: examples.sparql_query_example
:members:
:undoc-members:
:show-inheritance:
:mod:`sparql_update_example` Module
-----------------------------------
.. automodule:: examples.sparql_update_example
:members:
:undoc-members:
:show-inheritance:
:mod:`sparqlstore_example` Module
-----------------------------------
.. automodule:: examples.sparqlstore_example
:members:
:undoc-members:
:show-inheritance:
:mod:`swap_primer` Module
-------------------------
.. automodule:: examples.swap_primer
:members:
:undoc-members:
:show-inheritance:
:mod:`transitive` Module
------------------------
.. automodule:: examples.transitive
:members:
:undoc-members:
:show-inheritance:
rdflib-6.1.1/docs/conf.py 0000664 0000000 0000000 00000016737 14157741553 0015242 0 ustar 00root root 0000000 0000000 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
#
# rdflib documentation build configuration file, created by
# sphinx-quickstart on Fri May 15 15:03:54 2009.
#
# This file is execfile()d with the current directory set to its containing dir.
#
# Note that not all possible configuration values are present in this
# autogenerated file.
#
# All configuration values have a default; values that are commented out
# serve to show the default.
import sys
import os
import re
# If extensions (or modules to document with autodoc) are in another directory,
# add these directories to sys.path here. If the directory is relative to the
# documentation root, use os.path.abspath to make it absolute, like shown here.
# sys.path.append(os.path.abspath(".."))
sys.path.append(os.path.abspath(".."))
# -- General configuration -----------------------------------------------------
# Add any Sphinx extension module names here, as strings. They can be extensions
# coming with Sphinx (named 'sphinx.ext.*') or your custom ones.
# extensions = ['sphinx.ext.autodoc', 'sphinx.ext.todo', 'sphinx.ext.doctest']
extensions = [
"sphinxcontrib.apidoc",
"sphinx.ext.autodoc",
#'sphinx.ext.autosummary',
"sphinx.ext.doctest",
"sphinx.ext.intersphinx",
"sphinx.ext.todo",
"sphinx.ext.coverage",
"sphinx.ext.ifconfig",
"sphinx.ext.viewcode",
]
apidoc_module_dir = "../rdflib"
apidoc_output_dir = "apidocs"
autodoc_default_options = {"special-members": True}
autosummary_generate = True
# Add any paths that contain templates here, relative to this directory.
templates_path = ["_templates"]
# epydoc_mapping = {
# '/_static/api/': [r'rdflib\.'],
# }
# The suffix of source filenames.
source_suffix = ".rst"
# The encoding of source files.
source_encoding = "utf-8"
# The master toctree document.
master_doc = "index"
# General information about the project.
project = "rdflib"
copyright = "2009 - 2021, RDFLib Team"
# The version info for the project you're documenting, acts as replacement for
# |version| and |release|, also used in various other places throughout the
# built documents.
# Find version. We have to do this because we can't import it in Python 3 until
# its been automatically converted in the setup process.
def find_version(filename):
_version_re = re.compile(r'__version__ = "(.*)"')
for line in open(filename):
version_match = _version_re.match(line)
if version_match:
return version_match.group(1)
# The full version, including alpha/beta/rc tags.
release = find_version("../rdflib/__init__.py")
# The short X.Y version.
version = re.sub("[0-9]+\\.[0-9]\\..*", "\1", release)
# The language for content autogenerated by Sphinx. Refer to documentation
# for a list of supported languages.
# language = None
# There are two options for replacing |today|: either, you set today to some
# non-false value, then it is used:
# today = ''
# Else, today_fmt is used as the format for a strftime call.
# today_fmt = '%B %d, %Y'
# List of documents that shouldn't be included in the build.
# unused_docs = []
# List of directories, relative to source directory, that shouldn't be searched
# for source files.
exclude_trees = ["_build", "draft"]
# The reST default role (used for this markup: `text`) to use for all documents.
default_role = "py:obj"
# If true, '()' will be appended to :func: etc. cross-reference text.
add_function_parentheses = True
# If true, the current module name will be prepended to all description
# unit titles (such as .. function::).
add_module_names = True
# If true, sectionauthor and moduleauthor directives will be shown in the
# output. They are ignored by default.
# show_authors = False
# The name of the Pygments (syntax highlighting) style to use.
pygments_style = "sphinx"
# A list of ignored prefixes for module index sorting.
# modindex_common_prefix = []
# -- Options for HTML output ---------------------------------------------------
# The theme to use for HTML and HTML Help pages. Major themes that come with
# Sphinx are currently 'default' and 'sphinxdoc'.
html_theme = "armstrong"
# Theme options are theme-specific and customize the look and feel of a theme
# further. For a list of options available for each theme, see the
# documentation.
# html_theme_options = {}
# Add any paths that contain custom themes here, relative to this directory.
html_theme_path = [
"_themes",
]
# The name for this set of Sphinx documents. If None, it defaults to
# " v documentation".
# html_title = None
# A shorter title for the navigation bar. Default is the same as html_title.
# html_short_title = None
# The name of an image file (relative to this directory) to place at the top
# of the sidebar.
# html_logo = None
html_logo = "_static/RDFlib.png"
# The name of an image file (within the static path) to use as favicon of the
# docs. This file should be a Windows icon file (.ico) being 16x16 or 32x32
# pixels large.
html_favicon = "_static/RDFlib.ico"
# Add any paths that contain custom static files (such as style sheets) here,
# relative to this directory. They are copied after the builtin static files,
# so a file named "default.css" will overwrite the builtin "default.css".
html_static_path = ["_static"]
# If not '', a 'Last updated on:' timestamp is inserted at every page bottom,
# using the given strftime format.
# html_last_updated_fmt = '%b %d, %Y'
# If true, SmartyPants will be used to convert quotes and dashes to
# typographically correct entities.
# html_use_smartypants = True
# Custom sidebar templates, maps document names to template names.
# html_sidebars = {}
# Additional templates that should be rendered to pages, maps page names to
# template names.
# html_additional_pages = {}
# If false, no module index is generated.
# html_use_modindex = True
# If false, no index is generated.
# html_use_index = True
# If true, the index is split into individual pages for each letter.
# html_split_index = False
# If true, links to the reST sources are added to the pages.
# html_show_sourcelink = True
# If true, an OpenSearch description file will be output, and all pages will
# contain a tag referring to it. The value of this option must be the
# base URL from which the finished HTML is served.
# html_use_opensearch = ''
# If nonempty, this is the file name suffix for HTML files (e.g. ".xhtml").
# html_file_suffix = ''
# Output file base name for HTML help builder.
htmlhelp_basename = "rdflibdoc"
# -- Options for LaTeX output --------------------------------------------------
# The paper size ('letter' or 'a4').
# latex_paper_size = 'letter'
# The font size ('10pt', '11pt' or '12pt').
# latex_font_size = '10pt'
# Grouping the document tree into LaTeX files. List of tuples
# (source start file, target name, title, author, documentclass [howto/manual]).
# latex_documents = [
# ("index", "rdflib.tex", "rdflib Documentation", "RDFLib Team", "manual"),
# ]
# The name of an image file (relative to this directory) to place at the top of
# the title page.
# latex_logo = None
# For "manual" documents, if this is true, then toplevel headings are parts,
# not chapters.
# latex_use_parts = False
# Additional stuff for the LaTeX preamble.
# latex_preamble = ''
# Documents to append as an appendix to all manuals.
# latex_appendices = []
# If false, no module index is generated.
# latex_use_modindex = True
# Example configuration for intersphinx: refer to the Python standard library.
intersphinx_mapping = {
"python": ("https://docs.python.org/3.7", None),
}
html_experimental_html5_writer = True
needs_sphinx = "4.1.2"
rdflib-6.1.1/docs/developers.rst 0000664 0000000 0000000 00000013313 14157741553 0016630 0 ustar 00root root 0000000 0000000 .. developers:
RDFLib developers guide
=======================
Introduction
------------
This document describes the process and conventions to follow when
developing RDFLib code.
* Please be as Pythonic as possible (:pep:`8`).
* Code should be formatted using `black `_
and we use Black v21.9b0, with the black.toml config file provided.
* Code should also pass `flake8 `_ linting
and `mypy `_ type checking.
* You must supply tests for new code
If you add a new cool feature, consider also adding an example in ``./examples``
Tests
-----
Any new functionality being added to RDFLib _must_ have unit tests and
should have doc tests supplied.
Typically, you should add your functionality and new tests to a branch of
RDFlib and and run all tests locally and see them pass. There are currently
close to 4,000 tests with a few extra expected failures and skipped tests.
We won't allow Pull Requests that break any of the existing tests.
Tests that you add should show how your new feature or bug fix is doing what
you say it is doing: if you remove your enhancement, your new tests should fail!
Finally, please consider adding simple and more complex tests. It's good to see
the basic functionality of your feature tests and then also any tricky bits or
edg cases.
Testing framework
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
RDFLib uses the `pytest `_ testing framework.
Running tests
~~~~~~~~~~~~~
To run RDFLib's test suite with `pytest `_:
.. code-block:: bash
$ pip install -r requirements.txt -r requirements.dev.txt
$ pytest
Specific tests can be run by file name. For example:
.. code-block:: bash
$ pytest test/test_graph.py
Writing tests
~~~~~~~~~~~~~
New tests should be written for `pytest `_
instead of for python's built-in `unittest` module as pytest provides advanced
features such as parameterization and more flexibility in writing expected
failure tests than `unittest`.
A primer on how to write tests for pytest can be found `here
`_.
The existing test that use `unittest` work well with pytest, but they should
ideally be updated to the pytest test-style when they are touched.
Test should go into the ``test/`` directory, either into an existing test file
with a name that is applicable to the test being written, or into a new test
file with a name that is descriptive of the tests placed in it. Test files
should be named `test_*.py` so that `pytest can discover them
`_.
Running static checks
---------------------
Check formatting with `black `_, making sure you use
our black.toml config file:
.. code-block:: bash
python -m black --config black.toml --check ./rdflib
Check style and conventions with `flake8 `_:
.. code-block:: bash
python -m flake8 rdflib
Check types with `mypy `_:
.. code-block:: bash
python -m mypy --show-error-context --show-error-codes rdflib
Using tox
---------------------
RDFLib has a `tox `_ config file that
makes it easier to run validation on all supported python versions.
.. code-block:: bash
# install tox
pip install tox
# list tox environments that run by default
tox -e
# list all tox environments
tox -a
# run default environment for all python versions
tox
# run a specific environment
tox -e py37 # default environment with py37
tox -e py39-mypy # mypy environment with py39
Writing documentation
---------------------
We use sphinx for generating HTML docs, see :ref:`docs`.
Continuous Integration
----------------------
We used Drone for CI, see:
https://drone.rdflib.ashs.dev/RDFLib/rdflib
If you make a pull-request to RDFLib on GitHub, Drone will automatically test your code and we will only merge code
passing all tests.
Please do *not* commit tests you know will fail, even if you're just pointing out a bug. If you commit such tests,
flag them as expecting to fail.
Compatibility
-------------
RDFlib 6.0.0 release and later only support Python 3.7 and newer.
RDFLib 5.0.0 maintained compatibility with Python versions 2.7, 3.4, 3.5, 3.6, 3.7.
Releasing
---------
Set to-be-released version number in :file:`rdflib/__init__.py` and
:file:`README.md`. Check date in :file:`LICENSE`.
Add :file:`CHANGELOG.md` entry.
Commit this change. It's preferable make the release tag via
https://github.com/RDFLib/rdflib/releases/new ::
Our Tag versions aren't started with 'v', so just use a plain 5.0.0 like
version. Release title is like "RDFLib 5.0.0", the description a copy of your
:file:`CHANGELOG.md` entry.
This gives us a nice release page like this::
https://github.com/RDFLib/rdflib/releases/tag/4.2.2
If for whatever reason you don't want to take this approach, the old one is::
Tagging the release commit with::
git tag -am 'tagged version' X.X.X
When pushing, remember to do::
git push --tags
No matter how you create the release tag, remember to upload tarball to pypi with::
rm -r dist/X.X.X[.-]* # delete all previous builds for this release, just in case
rm -r build
python setup.py sdist
python setup.py bdist_wheel
ls dist
# upload with twine
# WARNING: once uploaded can never be modified, only deleted!
twine upload dist/rdflib-X.X.X[.-]*
Set new dev version number in the above locations, i.e. next release `-dev`: ``5.0.1-dev`` and commit again.
Tweet, email mailing list and inform members in the chat.
rdflib-6.1.1/docs/docs.rst 0000664 0000000 0000000 00000002475 14157741553 0015417 0 ustar 00root root 0000000 0000000 .. _docs:
================================
Writing RDFLib Documentation
================================
These docs are generated with Sphinx.
Sphinx makes it very easy to pull in doc-strings from modules,
classes, methods, etc. When writing doc-strings, special reST fields
can be used to annotate parameters, return-types, etc. This makes for
pretty API docs:
http://sphinx-doc.org/domains.html?highlight=param#info-field-lists
Building
--------
To build you must have the ``sphinx`` package installed:
.. code-block:: bash
pip install sphinx
See the documentation's full set of requirements in the ``sphinx-require,ens.txt`` file within the :file:`docs/` directory.
Once you have all the requirements installed you can run this command in the rdflib root directory:
.. code-block:: bash
python setup.py build_sphinx
Docs will be generated in :file:`build/sphinx/html/` and API documentation, generated from doc-strings, will be placed in :file:`docs/apidocs/`.
API Docs
--------
API Docs are automatically generated with ``sphinx-apidoc``:
.. code-block:: bash
sphinx-apidoc -f -d 10 -o docs/apidocs/ rdflib examples
Note that ``rdflib.rst`` was manually tweaked so as to not include all
imports in ``rdflib/__init__.py``.
Tables
------
The tables in ``plugin_*.rst`` were generated with ``plugintable.py``
rdflib-6.1.1/docs/gettingstarted.rst 0000664 0000000 0000000 00000012607 14157741553 0017515 0 ustar 00root root 0000000 0000000 .. _gettingstarted:
===============================
Getting started with RDFLib
===============================
Installation
============
RDFLib is open source and is maintained in a
`GitHub `_ repository. RDFLib releases, current and previous,
are listed on `PyPi `_
The best way to install RDFLib is to use ``pip`` (sudo as required):
.. code-block :: bash
$ pip install rdflib
If you want the latest code to run, clone the master branch of the GitHub repo and use that or you can ``pip install``
directly from GitHub:
.. code-block :: bash
$ pip install git+https://github.com/RDFLib/rdflib.git@master#egg=rdflib
Support
=======
Usage support is available via questions tagged with ``[rdflib]`` on `StackOverflow `__
and development support, notifications and detailed discussion through the rdflib-dev group (mailing list):
http://groups.google.com/group/rdflib-dev
If you notice an bug or want to request an enhancement, please do so via our Issue Tracker in Github:
``_
How it all works
================
*The package uses various Python idioms
that offer an appropriate way to introduce RDF to a Python programmer
who hasn't worked with RDF before.*
The primary interface that RDFLib exposes for working with RDF is a
:class:`~rdflib.graph.Graph`.
RDFLib graphs are un-sorted containers; they have ordinary ``set``
operations (e.g. :meth:`~rdflib.Graph.add` to add a triple) plus
methods that search triples and return them in arbitrary order.
RDFLib graphs also redefine certain built-in Python methods in order
to behave in a predictable way: they `emulate container types
`_ and
are best thought of as a set of 3-item tuples ("triples", in RDF-speak):
.. code-block:: text
[
(subject0, predicate0, object0),
(subject1, predicate1, object1),
...
(subjectN, predicateN, objectN)
]
A tiny example
==============
.. code-block:: python
from rdflib import Graph
# Create a Graph
g = Graph()
# Parse in an RDF file hosted on the Internet
g.parse("http://www.w3.org/People/Berners-Lee/card")
# Loop through each triple in the graph (subj, pred, obj)
for subj, pred, obj in g:
# Check if there is at least one triple in the Graph
if (subj, pred, obj) not in g:
raise Exception("It better be!")
# Print the number of "triples" in the Graph
print(f"Graph g has {len(g)} statements.")
# Prints: Graph g has 86 statements.
# Print out the entire Graph in the RDF Turtle format
print(g.serialize(format="turtle"))
Here a :class:`~rdflib.graph.Graph` is created and then an RDF file online, Tim Berners-Lee's social network details, is
parsed into that graph. The ``print()`` statement uses the ``len()`` function to count the number of triples in the
graph.
A more extensive example
========================
.. code-block:: python
from rdflib import Graph, Literal, RDF, URIRef
# rdflib knows about quite a few popular namespaces, like W3C ontologies, schema.org etc.
from rdflib.namespace import FOAF , XSD
# Create a Graph
g = Graph()
# Create an RDF URI node to use as the subject for multiple triples
donna = URIRef("http://example.org/donna")
# Add triples using store's add() method.
g.add((donna, RDF.type, FOAF.Person))
g.add((donna, FOAF.nick, Literal("donna", lang="en")))
g.add((donna, FOAF.name, Literal("Donna Fales")))
g.add((donna, FOAF.mbox, URIRef("mailto:donna@example.org")))
# Add another person
ed = URIRef("http://example.org/edward")
# Add triples using store's add() method.
g.add((ed, RDF.type, FOAF.Person))
g.add((ed, FOAF.nick, Literal("ed", datatype=XSD.string)))
g.add((ed, FOAF.name, Literal("Edward Scissorhands")))
g.add((ed, FOAF.mbox, Literal("e.scissorhands@example.org", datatype=XSD.anyURI)))
# Iterate over triples in store and print them out.
print("--- printing raw triples ---")
for s, p, o in g:
print((s, p, o))
# For each foaf:Person in the store, print out their mbox property's value.
print("--- printing mboxes ---")
for person in g.subjects(RDF.type, FOAF.Person):
for mbox in g.objects(person, FOAF.mbox):
print(mbox)
# Bind the FOAF namespace to a prefix for more readable output
g.bind("foaf", FOAF)
# print all the data in the Notation3 format
print("--- printing mboxes ---")
print(g.serialize(format='n3'))
A SPARQL query example
======================
.. code-block:: python
from rdflib import Graph
# Create a Graph, pare in Internet data
g = Graph().parse("http://www.w3.org/People/Berners-Lee/card")
# Query the data in g using SPARQL
# This query returns the 'name' of all ``foaf:Person`` instances
q = """
PREFIX foaf:
SELECT ?name
WHERE {
?p rdf:type foaf:Person .
?p foaf:name ?name .
}
"""
# Apply the query to the graph and iterate through results
for r in g.query(q):
print(r["name"])
# prints: Timothy Berners-Lee
More examples
=============
There are many more :doc:`examples ` in the :file:`examples` folder in the source distribution.
rdflib-6.1.1/docs/index.rst 0000664 0000000 0000000 00000007266 14157741553 0015601 0 ustar 00root root 0000000 0000000 .. rdflib documentation documentation master file
================
rdflib |release|
================
RDFLib is a pure Python package for working with `RDF `_. It contains:
* **Parsers & Serializers**
* for RDF/XML, N3, NTriples, N-Quads, Turtle, TriX, JSON-LD, RDFa and Microdata
* **Store implementations**
* for in-memory and persistent RDF storage, including remote SPARQL endpoints
* **Graph interface**
* to a single graph
* or a conjunctive graph (multiple Named Graphs)
* or a dataset of graphs
* **SPARQL 1.1 implementation**
* both Queries and Updates are supported
Getting started
---------------
If you have never used RDFLib, the following will help get you started:
.. toctree::
:maxdepth: 1
gettingstarted
intro_to_parsing
intro_to_creating_rdf
intro_to_graphs
intro_to_sparql
utilities
Examples
In depth
--------
If you are familiar with RDF and are looking for details on how RDFLib handles it, these are for you:
.. toctree::
:maxdepth: 1
rdf_terms
namespaces_and_bindings
persistence
merging
upgrade5to6
upgrade4to5
Reference
---------
The nitty-gritty details of everything.
API reference:
.. toctree::
:maxdepth: 1
apidocs/modules
.. toctree::
:maxdepth: 2
plugins
.. * :ref:`genindex`
.. * :ref:`modindex`
For developers
--------------
.. toctree::
:maxdepth: 1
developers
docs
persisting_n3_terms
Source Code
-----------
The rdflib source code is hosted on GitHub at ``__ where you can lodge Issues and
create Pull Requests to help improve this community project!
The RDFlib organisation on GitHub at ``__ maintains this package and a number of other RDF
and RDFlib-related packaged that you might also find useful.
Further help & Contact
----------------------
If you would like more help with using rdflib, rather than developing it, please post a question on StackOverflow using
the tag ``[rdflib]``. A list of existing ``[rdflib]`` tagged questions is kept there at:
* ``__
You might also like to join rdflib's dev mailing list: ``__
The chat is available at `gitter `_ or via matrix `#RDFLib_rdflib:gitter.im `_.
Glossary
--------
Here are a few RDF and Python terms referred to in this documentation. They are linked to wherever they occur.
.. glossary::
functional property
Properties than can only occur once for a resource, i.e. for any relation (triple, in RDF) ``x p y``,
if ``p`` is functional, for any individual ``x``, there can be at most one individual ``y``.
OWL
The OWL 2 Web Ontology Language, informally OWL 2 or just OWL, is an ontology language for the Semantic Web
with formally defined meaning. OWL 2 ontologies provide classes, properties, individuals, and data values and
are stored as Semantic Web documents. OWL 2 ontologies can be used along with information written in RDF, and
OWL 2 ontologies themselves are primarily exchanged as RDF documents. See the `RDF 1.1 Concepts and Abstract
Syntax `_ for more info.
RDF
The Resource Description Framework (RDF) is a framework for representing information in the Web. RDF data is
stored in graphs that are sets of subject-predicate-object triples, where the elements may be IRIs, blank nodes,
or datatyped literals. See the `OWL 2 Web Ontology Language
Document Overview `_ for more info.
rdflib-6.1.1/docs/intro_to_creating_rdf.rst 0000664 0000000 0000000 00000015402 14157741553 0021025 0 ustar 00root root 0000000 0000000 .. _intro_to_creating_rdf:
====================
Creating RDF triples
====================
Creating Nodes
--------------
RDF data is a graph where the nodes are URI references, Blank Nodes or Literals. In RDFLib, these node types are
represented by the classes :class:`~rdflib.term.URIRef`, :class:`~rdflib.term.BNode`, and :class:`~rdflib.term.Literal`.
``URIRefs`` and ``BNodes`` can both be thought of as resources, such a person, a company, a website, etc.
* A ``BNode`` is a node where the exact URI is not known - usually a node with identity only in relation to other nodes.
* A ``URIRef`` is a node where the exact URI is known. In addition to representing some subjects and predicates in RDF graphs, ``URIRef``\s are always used to represent properties/predicates
* ``Literals`` represent object values, such as a name, a date, a number, etc. The most common literal values are XML data types, e.g. string, int... but custom types can be declared too
Nodes can be created by the constructors of the node classes:
.. code-block:: python
from rdflib import URIRef, BNode, Literal
bob = URIRef("http://example.org/people/Bob")
linda = BNode() # a GUID is generated
name = Literal("Bob") # passing a string
age = Literal(24) # passing a python int
height = Literal(76.5) # passing a python float
Literals can be created from Python objects, this creates ``data-typed literals``. For the details on the mapping see
:ref:`rdflibliterals`.
For creating many ``URIRefs`` in the same ``namespace``, i.e. URIs with the same prefix, RDFLib has the
:class:`rdflib.namespace.Namespace` class
::
from rdflib import Namespace
n = Namespace("http://example.org/people/")
n.bob # == rdflib.term.URIRef("http://example.org/people/bob")
n.eve # == rdflib.term.URIRef("http://example.org/people/eve")
This is very useful for schemas where all properties and classes have the same URI prefix. RDFLib defines Namespaces for
some common RDF/OWL schemas, including most W3C ones:
.. code-block:: python
from rdflib.namespace import CSVW, DC, DCAT, DCTERMS, DOAP, FOAF, ODRL2, ORG, OWL, \
PROF, PROV, RDF, RDFS, SDO, SH, SKOS, SOSA, SSN, TIME, \
VOID, XMLNS, XSD
RDF.type
# == rdflib.term.URIRef("http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type")
FOAF.knows
# == rdflib.term.URIRef("http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/knows")
PROF.isProfileOf
# == rdflib.term.URIRef("http://www.w3.org/ns/dx/prof/isProfileOf")
SOSA.Sensor
# == rdflib.term.URIRef("http://www.w3.org/ns/sosa/Sensor")
Adding Triples to a graph
-------------------------
We already saw in :doc:`intro_to_parsing`, how triples can be added from files and online locations with with the
:meth:`~rdflib.graph.Graph.parse` function.
Triples can also be added within Python code directly, using the :meth:`~rdflib.graph.Graph.add` function:
.. automethod:: rdflib.graph.Graph.add
:noindex:
:meth:`~rdflib.graph.Graph.add` takes a 3-tuple (a "triple") of RDFLib nodes. Using the nodes and
namespaces we defined previously:
.. code-block:: python
from rdflib import Graph, URIRef, Literal, BNode
from rdflib.namespace import FOAF, RDF
g = Graph()
g.bind("foaf", FOAF)
bob = URIRef("http://example.org/people/Bob")
linda = BNode() # a GUID is generated
name = Literal("Bob")
age = Literal(24)
g.add((bob, RDF.type, FOAF.Person))
g.add((bob, FOAF.name, name))
g.add((bob, FOAF.age, age))
g.add((bob, FOAF.knows, linda))
g.add((linda, RDF.type, FOAF.Person))
g.add((linda, FOAF.name, Literal("Linda")))
print(g.serialize())
outputs:
.. code-block:: Turtle
@prefix foaf: .
@prefix xsd: .
a foaf:Person ;
foaf:age 24 ;
foaf:knows [ a foaf:Person ;
foaf:name "Linda" ] ;
foaf:name "Bob" .
For some properties, only one value per resource makes sense (i.e they are *functional properties*, or have a
max-cardinality of 1). The :meth:`~rdflib.graph.Graph.set` method is useful for this:
.. code-block:: python
from rdflib import Graph, URIRef, Literal
from rdflib.namespace import FOAF
g = Graph()
bob = URIRef("http://example.org/people/Bob")
g.add((bob, FOAF.age, Literal(42)))
print(f"Bob is {g.value(bob, FOAF.age)}")
# prints: Bob is 42
g.set((bob, FOAF.age, Literal(43))) # replaces 42 set above
print(f"Bob is now {g.value(bob, FOAF.age)}")
# prints: Bob is now 43
:meth:`rdflib.graph.Graph.value` is the matching query method. It will return a single value for a property, optionally
raising an exception if there are more.
You can also add triples by combining entire graphs, see :ref:`graph-setops`.
Removing Triples
----------------
Similarly, triples can be removed by a call to :meth:`~rdflib.graph.Graph.remove`:
.. automethod:: rdflib.graph.Graph.remove
:noindex:
When removing, it is possible to leave parts of the triple unspecified (i.e. passing ``None``), this will remove all
matching triples:
.. code-block:: python
g.remove((bob, None, None)) # remove all triples about bob
An example
----------
LiveJournal produces FOAF data for their users, but they seem to use
``foaf:member_name`` for a person's full name but ``foaf:member_name``
isn't in FOAF's namespace and perhaps they should have used ``foaf:name``
To retrieve some LiveJournal data, add a ``foaf:name`` for every
``foaf:member_name`` and then remove the ``foaf:member_name`` values to
ensure the data actually aligns with other FOAF data, we could do this:
.. code-block:: python
from rdflib import Graph
from rdflib.namespace import FOAF
g = Graph()
# get the data
g.parse("http://danbri.livejournal.com/data/foaf")
# for every foaf:member_name, add foaf:name and remove foaf:member_name
for s, p, o in g.triples((None, FOAF['member_name'], None)):
g.add((s, FOAF['name'], o))
g.remove((s, FOAF['member_name'], o))
.. note:: Since rdflib 5.0.0, using ``foaf:member_name`` is somewhat prevented in RDFlib since FOAF is declared
as a :meth:`~rdflib.namespace.ClosedNamespace` class instance that has a closed set of members and
``foaf:member_name`` isn't one of them! If LiveJournal had used RDFlib 5.0.0, an error would have been raised for
``foaf:member_name`` when the triple was created.
Creating Containers & Collections
---------------------------------
There are two convenience classes for RDF Containers & Collections which you can use instead of declaring each
triple of a Containers or a Collections individually:
* :meth:`~rdflib.container.Container` (also ``Bag``, ``Seq`` & ``Alt``) and
* :meth:`~rdflib.collection.Collection`
See their documentation for how.
rdflib-6.1.1/docs/intro_to_graphs.rst 0000664 0000000 0000000 00000011243 14157741553 0017661 0 ustar 00root root 0000000 0000000 .. _rdflib_graph: Navigating Graphs
=================
Navigating Graphs
=================
An RDF Graph is a set of RDF triples, and we try to mirror exactly this in RDFLib. The Python
:meth:`~rdflib.graph.Graph` tries to emulate a container type.
Graphs as Iterators
-------------------
RDFLib graphs override :meth:`~rdflib.graph.Graph.__iter__` in order to support iteration over the contained triples:
.. code-block:: python
for s, p, o in someGraph:
if not (s, p, o) in someGraph:
raise Exception("Iterator / Container Protocols are Broken!!")
This loop iterates through all the subjects(s), predicates (p) & objects (o) in ``someGraph``.
Contains check
--------------
Graphs implement :meth:`~rdflib.graph.Graph.__contains__`, so you can check if a triple is in a graph with a
``triple in graph`` syntax:
.. code-block:: python
from rdflib import URIRef
from rdflib.namespace import RDF
bob = URIRef("http://example.org/people/bob")
if (bob, RDF.type, FOAF.Person) in graph:
print("This graph knows that Bob is a person!")
Note that this triple does not have to be completely bound:
.. code-block:: python
if (bob, None, None) in graph:
print("This graph contains triples about Bob!")
.. _graph-setops:
Set Operations on RDFLib Graphs
-------------------------------
Graphs override several pythons operators: :meth:`~rdflib.graph.Graph.__iadd__`, :meth:`~rdflib.graph.Graph.__isub__`,
etc. This supports addition, subtraction and other set-operations on Graphs:
============ =============================================================
operation effect
============ =============================================================
``G1 + G2`` return new graph with union (triples on both)
``G1 += G2`` in place union / addition
``G1 - G2`` return new graph with difference (triples in G1, not in G2)
``G1 -= G2`` in place difference / subtraction
``G1 & G2`` intersection (triples in both graphs)
``G1 ^ G2`` xor (triples in either G1 or G2, but not in both)
============ =============================================================
.. warning:: Set-operations on graphs assume Blank Nodes are shared between graphs. This may or may not be what you want. See :doc:`merging` for details.
Basic Triple Matching
---------------------
Instead of iterating through all triples, RDFLib graphs support basic triple pattern matching with a
:meth:`~rdflib.graph.Graph.triples` function. This function is a generator of triples that match a pattern given by
arguments, i.e. arguments restrict the triples that are returned. Terms that are :data:`None` are treated as a wildcard.
For example:
.. code-block:: python
g.load("some_foaf.ttl")
# find all subjects (s) of type (rdf:type) person (foaf:Person)
for s, p, o in g.triples((None, RDF.type, FOAF.Person)):
print(f"{s} is a person")
# find all subjects of any type
for s, p, o in g.triples((None, RDF.type, None)):
print(f"{s} is a {o}")
# create a graph
bobgraph = Graph()
# add all triples with subject 'bob'
bobgraph += g.triples((bob, None, None))
If you are not interested in whole triples, you can get only the bits you want with the methods
:meth:`~rdflib.graph.Graph.objects`, :meth:`~rdflib.graph.Graph.subjects`, :meth:`~rdflib.graph.Graph.predicates`,
:meth:`~rdflib.graph.Graph.predicate_objects`, etc. Each take parameters for the components of the triple to constraint:
.. code-block:: python
for person in g.subjects(RDF.type, FOAF.Person):
print("{} is a person".format(person))
Finally, for some properties, only one value per resource makes sense (i.e they are *functional properties*, or have a
max-cardinality of 1). The :meth:`~rdflib.graph.Graph.value` method is useful for this, as it returns just a single
node, not a generator:
.. code-block:: python
# get any name of bob
name = g.value(bob, FOAF.name)
# get the one person that knows bob and raise an exception if more are found
mbox = g.value(predicate = FOAF.name, object=bob, any=False)
:class:`~rdflib.graph.Graph` methods for accessing triples
-----------------------------------------------------------
Here is a list of all convenience methods for querying Graphs:
.. automethod:: rdflib.graph.Graph.triples
:noindex:
.. automethod:: rdflib.graph.Graph.value
:noindex:
.. automethod:: rdflib.graph.Graph.subjects
:noindex:
.. automethod:: rdflib.graph.Graph.objects
:noindex:
.. automethod:: rdflib.graph.Graph.predicates
:noindex:
.. automethod:: rdflib.graph.Graph.subject_objects
:noindex:
.. automethod:: rdflib.graph.Graph.subject_predicates
:noindex:
.. automethod:: rdflib.graph.Graph.predicate_objects
:noindex:
rdflib-6.1.1/docs/intro_to_parsing.rst 0000664 0000000 0000000 00000012207 14157741553 0020041 0 ustar 00root root 0000000 0000000 .. _intro_to_parsing:
======================
Loading and saving RDF
======================
Reading RDF files
-----------------
RDF data can be represented using various syntaxes (``turtle``, ``rdf/xml``, ``n3``, ``n-triples``,
``trix``, ``JSON-LD``, etc.). The simplest format is
``ntriples``, which is a triple-per-line format.
Create the file :file:`demo.nt` in the current directory with these two lines in it:
.. code-block:: Turtle
.
"Hello World" .
On line 1 this file says "drewp is a FOAF Person:. On line 2 it says "drep says "Hello World"".
RDFLib can guess what format the file is by the file ending (".nt" is commonly used for n-triples) so you can just use
:meth:`~rdflib.graph.Graph.parse` to read in the file. If the file had a non-standard RDF file ending, you could set the
keyword-parameter ``format`` to specify either an Internet Media Type or the format name (a :doc:`list of available
parsers ` is available).
In an interactive python interpreter, try this:
.. code-block:: python
from rdflib import Graph
g = Graph()
g.parse("demo.nt")
print(len(g))
# prints: 2
import pprint
for stmt in g:
pprint.pprint(stmt)
# prints:
# (rdflib.term.URIRef('http://example.com/drewp'),
# rdflib.term.URIRef('http://example.com/says'),
# rdflib.term.Literal('Hello World'))
# (rdflib.term.URIRef('http://example.com/drewp'),
# rdflib.term.URIRef('http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type'),
# rdflib.term.URIRef('http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/Person'))
The final lines show how RDFLib represents the two statements in the
file: the statements themselves are just length-3 tuples ("triples") and the
subjects, predicates, and objects of the triples are all rdflib types.
Reading remote RDF
------------------
Reading graphs from the Internet is easy:
.. code-block:: python
from rdflib import Graph
g = Graph()
g.parse("http://www.w3.org/People/Berners-Lee/card")
print(len(g))
# prints: 86
:func:`rdflib.Graph.parse` can process local files, remote data via a URL, as in this example, or RDF data in a string
(using the ``data`` parameter).
Saving RDF
----------
To store a graph in a file, use the :func:`rdflib.Graph.serialize` function:
.. code-block:: python
from rdflib import Graph
g = Graph()
g.parse("http://www.w3.org/People/Berners-Lee/card")
g.serialize(destination="tbl.ttl")
This parses data from http://www.w3.org/People/Berners-Lee/card and stores it in a file ``tbl.ttl`` in this directory
using the turtle format, which is the default RDF serialization (as of rdflib 6.0.0).
To read the same data and to save it as an RDF/XML format string in the variable ``v``, do this:
.. code-block:: python
from rdflib import Graph
g = Graph()
g.parse("http://www.w3.org/People/Berners-Lee/card")
v = g.serialize(format="xml")
The following table lists the RDF formats you can serialize data to with rdflib, out of the box, and the ``format=KEYWORD`` keyword used to reference them within ``serialize()``:
.. csv-table::
:header: "RDF Format", "Keyword", "Notes"
"Turtle", "turtle, ttl or turtle2", "turtle2 is just turtle with more spacing & linebreaks"
"RDF/XML", "xml or pretty-xml", "Was the default format, rdflib < 6.0.0"
"JSON-LD", "json-ld", "There are further options for compact syntax and other JSON-LD variants"
"N-Triples", "ntriples, nt or nt11", "nt11 is exactly like nt, only utf8 encoded"
"Notation-3","n3", "N3 is a superset of Turtle that also caters for rules and a few other things"
"Trig", "trig", "Turtle-like format for RDF triples + context (RDF quads) and thus multiple graphs"
"Trix", "trix", "RDF/XML-like format for RDF quads"
"N-Quads", "nquads", "N-Triples-like format for RDF quads"
Working with multi-graphs
-------------------------
To read and query multi-graphs, that is RDF data that is context-aware, you need to use rdflib's
:class:`rdflib.ConjunctiveGraph` or :class:`rdflib.Dataset` class. These are extensions to :class:`rdflib.Graph` that
know all about quads (triples + graph IDs).
If you had this multi-graph data file (in the ``trig`` format, using new-style ``PREFIX`` statement (not the older
``@prefix``):
.. code-block:: Turtle
PREFIX eg:
PREFIX foaf:
eg:graph-1 {
eg:drewp a foaf:Person .
eg:drewp eg:says "Hello World" .
}
eg:graph-2 {
eg:nick a foaf:Person .
eg:nick eg:says "Hi World" .
}
You could parse the file and query it like this:
.. code-block:: python
from rdflib import Dataset
from rdflib.namespace import RDF
g = Dataset()
g.parse("demo.trig")
for s, p, o, g in g.quads((None, RDF.type, None, None)):
print(s, g)
This will print out:
.. code-block::
http://example.com/person/drewp http://example.com/person/graph-1
http://example.com/person/nick http://example.com/person/graph-2
rdflib-6.1.1/docs/intro_to_sparql.rst 0000664 0000000 0000000 00000013201 14157741553 0017673 0 ustar 00root root 0000000 0000000 .. _intro_to_using_sparql:
====================
Querying with SPARQL
====================
Run a Query
^^^^^^^^^^^
The RDFLib comes with an implementation of the `SPARQL 1.1 Query
`_ and `SPARQL 1.1 Update
`_ query languages.
Queries can be evaluated against a graph with the
:meth:`rdflib.graph.Graph.query` method, and updates with
:meth:`rdflib.graph.Graph.update`.
The query method returns a :class:`rdflib.query.Result` instance. For
SELECT queries, iterating over this returns
:class:`rdflib.query.ResultRow` instances, each containing a set of
variable bindings. For ``CONSTRUCT``/``DESCRIBE`` queries, iterating over the
result object gives the triples. For ``ASK`` queries, iterating will yield
the single boolean answer, or evaluating the result object in a
boolean-context (i.e. ``bool(result)``)
For example...
.. code-block:: python
import rdflib
g = rdflib.Graph()
g.parse("http://danbri.org/foaf.rdf#")
knows_query = """
SELECT DISTINCT ?aname ?bname
WHERE {
?a foaf:knows ?b .
?a foaf:name ?aname .
?b foaf:name ?bname .
}"""
qres = g.query(knows_query)
for row in qres:
print(f"{row.aname} knows {row.bname}")
The results are tuples of values in the same order as your ``SELECT``
arguments. Alternatively, the values can be accessed by variable
name, either as attributes, or as items, e.g. ``row.b`` and ``row["b"]`` are
equivalent. The above, given the appropriate data, would print something like:
.. code-block:: text
Timothy Berners-Lee knows Edd Dumbill
Timothy Berners-Lee knows Jennifer Golbeck
Timothy Berners-Lee knows Nicholas Gibbins
...
As an alternative to using ``SPARQL``\s ``PREFIX``, namespace
bindings can be passed in with the ``initNs`` kwarg, see
:doc:`namespaces_and_bindings`.
Variables can also be pre-bound, using the ``initBindings`` kwarg which can
pass in a ``dict`` of initial bindings. This is particularly
useful for prepared queries, as described below.
Update Queries
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Update queries are performed just like reading queries but using the :meth:`rdflib.graph.Graph.update` method. An
example:
.. code-block:: python
from rdflib import Graph
# Create a Graph, add in some test data
g = Graph()
g.parse(
data="""
a .
a .
""",
format="turtle"
)
# Select all the things (s) that are of type (rdf:type) c:
qres = g.query("""SELECT ?s WHERE { ?s a }""")
for row in qres:
print(f"{row.s}")
# prints:
# x:
# y:
# Add in a new triple using SPATQL UPDATE
g.update("""INSERT DATA { a }""")
# Select all the things (s) that are of type (rdf:type) c:
qres = g.query("""SELECT ?s WHERE { ?s a }""")
print("After update:")
for row in qres:
print(f"{row.s}")
# prints:
# x:
# y:
# z:
# Change type of from to
g.update("""
DELETE { a }
INSERT { a }
WHERE { a }
""")
print("After second update:")
qres = g.query("""SELECT ?s ?o WHERE { ?s a ?o }""")
for row in qres:
print(f"{row.s} a {row.o}")
# prints:
# x: a c:
# z: a c:
# y: a d:
Querying a Remote Service
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
The ``SERVICE`` keyword of SPARQL 1.1 can send a query to a remote SPARQL endpoint.
.. code-block:: python
import rdflib
g = rdflib.Graph()
qres = g.query(
"""
SELECT ?s
WHERE {
SERVICE {
?s a ?o .
}
}
LIMIT 3
"""
)
for row in qres:
print(row.s)
This example sends a query to `DBPedia `_'s SPARQL endpoint service so that it can run the query
and then send back the result:
.. code-block:: text
Prepared Queries
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
RDFLib lets you *prepare* queries before execution, this saves
re-parsing and translating the query into SPARQL Algebra each time.
The method :meth:`rdflib.plugins.sparql.prepareQuery` takes a query as
a string and will return a :class:`rdflib.plugins.sparql.sparql.Query`
object. This can then be passed to the
:meth:`rdflib.graph.Graph.query` method.
The ``initBindings`` kwarg can be used to pass in a ``dict`` of
initial bindings:
.. code-block:: python
q = prepareQuery(
"SELECT ?s WHERE { ?person foaf:knows ?s .}",
initNs = { "foaf": FOAF }
)
g = rdflib.Graph()
g.load("foaf.rdf")
tim = rdflib.URIRef("http://www.w3.org/People/Berners-Lee/card#i")
for row in g.query(q, initBindings={'person': tim}):
print(row)
Custom Evaluation Functions
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
For experts, it is possible to override how bits of SPARQL algebra are
evaluated. By using the `setuptools entry-point
`_
``rdf.plugins.sparqleval``, or simply adding to an entry to
:data:`rdflib.plugins.sparql.CUSTOM_EVALS`, a custom function can be
registered. The function will be called for each algebra component and
may raise ``NotImplementedError`` to indicate that this part should be
handled by the default implementation.
See :file:`examples/custom_eval.py`
rdflib-6.1.1/docs/merging.rst 0000664 0000000 0000000 00000004402 14157741553 0016107 0 ustar 00root root 0000000 0000000 .. _merging_graphs:
==============
Merging graphs
==============
Graphs share blank nodes only if they are derived from graphs described by documents or other structures (such as an RDF dataset) that explicitly provide for the sharing of blank nodes between different RDF graphs. Simply downloading a web document does not mean that the blank nodes in a resulting RDF graph are the same as the blank nodes coming from other downloads of the same document or from the same RDF source.
RDF applications which manipulate concrete syntaxes for RDF which use blank node identifiers should take care to keep track of the identity of the blank nodes they identify. Blank node identifiers often have a local scope, so when RDF from different sources is combined, identifiers may have to be changed in order to avoid accidental conflation of distinct blank nodes.
For example, two documents may both use the blank node identifier "_:x" to identify a blank node, but unless these documents are in a shared identifier scope or are derived from a common source, the occurrences of "_:x" in one document will identify a different blank node than the one in the graph described by the other document. When graphs are formed by combining RDF from multiple sources, it may be necessary to standardize apart the blank node identifiers by replacing them by others which do not occur in the other document(s).
*(copied directly from https://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-mt/#shared-blank-nodes-unions-and-merges)*
In RDFLib, blank nodes are given unique IDs when parsing, so graph merging can be done by simply reading several files into the same graph::
from rdflib import Graph
graph = Graph()
graph.parse(input1)
graph.parse(input2)
``graph`` now contains the merged graph of ``input1`` and ``input2``.
.. note:: However, the set-theoretic graph operations in RDFLib are assumed to be performed in sub-graphs of some larger data-base (for instance, in the context of a :class:`~rdflib.graph.ConjunctiveGraph`) and assume shared blank node IDs, and therefore do NOT do *correct* merging, i.e.::
from rdflib import Graph
g1 = Graph()
g1.parse(input1)
g2 = Graph()
g2.parse(input2)
graph = g1 + g2
May cause unwanted collisions of blank-nodes in
``graph``.
rdflib-6.1.1/docs/namespaces_and_bindings.rst 0000664 0000000 0000000 00000007053 14157741553 0021302 0 ustar 00root root 0000000 0000000 .. _namespaces_and_bindings: Namespaces and Bindings
=======================
Namespaces and Bindings
=======================
RDFLib provides several short-cuts to working with many URIs in the same namespace.
The :mod:`rdflib.namespace` defines the :class:`rdflib.namespace.Namespace` class which lets you easily create URIs in a namespace::
from rdflib import Namespace
n = Namespace("http://example.org/")
n.Person # as attribute
# = rdflib.term.URIRef("http://example.org/Person")
n['first%20name'] # as item - for things that are not valid python identifiers
# = rdflib.term.URIRef("http://example.org/first%20name")
Note that if a name string is valid for use in an RDF namespace but not valid as a Python identifier, such as '1234', it must be addressed with the "item" syntax (using the "attribute" syntax will raise a Syntax Error).
The ``namespace`` module also defines many common namespaces such as RDF, RDFS, OWL, FOAF, SKOS, PROF, etc.
Namespaces can also be associated with prefixes, in a :class:`rdflib.namespace.NamespaceManager`, i.e. using ``foaf`` for ``http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/``. Each RDFLib graph has a :attr:`~rdflib.graph.Graph.namespace_manager` that keeps a list of namespace to prefix mappings. The namespace manager is populated when reading in RDF, and these prefixes are used when serialising RDF, or when parsing SPARQL queries. Additional prefixes can be bound with the :meth:`rdflib.graph.bind` method.
NamespaceManager
----------------
Each graph comes with a `NamespaceManager`__ instance in the `namespace_manager` field; you can use the `bind` method of this instance to bind a prefix to a namespace URI::
myGraph.namespace_manager.bind('prefix', URIRef('scheme:my-namespace-uri:'))
myGraph.namespace_manager.bind('owl', OWL_NS, override=False)
It has a method to normalize a given url :
myGraph.namespace_manager.normalizeUri(t)
For simple output, or simple serialisation, you often want a nice
readable representation of a term. All terms have a
``.n3(namespace_manager = None)`` method, which will return a suitable
N3 format::
>>> from rdflib import Graph, URIRef, Literal, BNode
>>> from rdflib.namespace import FOAF, NamespaceManager
>>> person = URIRef("http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/Person")
>>> person.n3()
''
>>> g = Graph()
>>> g.bind("foaf", FOAF)
>>> person.n3(g.namespace_manager)
'foaf:Person'
>>> l = Literal(2)
>>> l.n3()
'"2"^^'
>>> l.n3(g.namespace_manager)
'"2"^^xsd:integer'
The namespace manage also has a useful method compute_qname
g.namespace_manager.compute_qname(x) which takes an url and decomposes it into the parts::
self.assertEqual(g.compute_qname(URIRef("http://foo/bar#baz")),
("ns2", URIRef("http://foo/bar#"), "baz"))
__ http://rdflib.net/rdflib-2.4.0/html/public/rdflib.syntax.NamespaceManager.NamespaceManager-class.html
Namespaces in SPARQL Queries
----------------------------
The ``initNs`` argument supplied to :meth:`~rdflib.graph.Graph.query` is a dictionary of namespaces to be expanded in the query string.
If you pass no ``initNs`` argument, the namespaces registered with the graphs namespace_manager are used::
from rdflib.namespace import FOAF
graph.query('SELECT * WHERE { ?p a foaf:Person }', initNs={ 'foaf': FOAF })
In order to use an empty prefix (e.g. ``?a :knows ?b``), use a ``PREFIX`` directive with no prefix in the SPARQL query to set a default namespace:
.. code-block:: sparql
PREFIX :
rdflib-6.1.1/docs/persistence.rst 0000664 0000000 0000000 00000005610 14157741553 0017005 0 ustar 00root root 0000000 0000000 .. _persistence: Persistence
===========
Persistence
===========
RDFLib provides an :class:`abstracted Store API `
for persistence of RDF and Notation 3. The
:class:`~rdflib.graph.Graph` class works with instances of this API
(as the first argument to its constructor) for triple-based management
of an RDF store including: garbage collection, transaction management,
update, pattern matching, removal, length, and database management
(:meth:`~rdflib.graph.Graph.open` / :meth:`~rdflib.graph.Graph.close`
/ :meth:`~rdflib.graph.Graph.destroy`).
Additional persistence mechanisms can be supported by implementing
this API for a different store.
Stores currently shipped with core RDFLib
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
* :class:`Memory ` - not persistent!
* :class:`~rdflib.plugins.stores.berkeleydb.BerkeleyDB` - on disk persistence via Python's `berkeleydb package `_
* :class:`~rdflib.plugins.stores.sparqlstore.SPARQLStore` - a read-only wrapper around a remote SPARQL Query endpoint
* :class:`~rdflib.plugins.stores.sparqlstore.SPARQLUpdateStore` - a read-write wrapper around a remote SPARQL query/update endpoint pair
Usage
^^^^^
In most cases, passing the name of the store to the Graph constructor is enough:
.. code-block:: python
from rdflib import Graph
graph = Graph(store='BerkeleyDB')
Most stores offering on-disk persistence will need to be opened before reading or writing.
When peristing a triplestore, rather than a ConjuntiveGraph quadstore, you need to specify
an identifier with which you can open the graph:
.. code-block:: python
graph = Graph('BerkeleyDB', identifier='mygraph')
# first time create the store:
graph.open('/home/user/data/myRDFLibStore', create=True)
# work with the graph:
data = """
PREFIX :
:a :b :c .
:d :e :f .
:d :g :h .
"""
graph.parse(data=data, format="ttl")
# when done!
graph.close()
When done, :meth:`~rdflib.graph.Graph.close` must be called to free the resources associated with the store.
Additional store plugins
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
More store implementations are available in RDFLib extension projects:
* `rdflib-sqlalchemy `_, which supports stored on a wide-variety of RDBMs backends,
* `rdflib-leveldb `_ - a store on to of Google's `LevelDB `_ key-value store.
* `rdflib-kyotocabinet `_ - a store on to of the `Kyoto Cabinet `_ key-value store.
Example
^^^^^^^
* :mod:`examples.berkeleydb_example` contains an example for using a BerkeleyDB store.
* :mod:`examples.sparqlstore_example` contains an example for using a SPARQLStore.
rdflib-6.1.1/docs/persisting_n3_terms.rst 0000664 0000000 0000000 00000011666 14157741553 0020472 0 ustar 00root root 0000000 0000000 .. _persisting_n3_terms:
===========================
Persisting Notation 3 Terms
===========================
Using N3 Syntax for Persistence
-------------------------------
Blank Nodes, Literals, URI References, and Variables can be distinguished in persistence by relying on Notation 3 syntax convention.
All URI References can be expanded and persisted as:
.. code-block:: text
<..URI..>
All Literals can be expanded and persisted as:
.. code-block:: text
"..value.."@lang or "..value.."^^dtype_uri
.. note:: ``@lang`` is a language tag and ``^^dtype_uri`` is the URI of a data type associated with the Literal
Blank Nodes can be expanded and persisted as:
.. code-block:: text
_:Id
.. note:: where Id is an identifier as determined by skolemization. Skolemization is a syntactic transformation routinely used in automatic inference systems in which existential variables are replaced by 'new' functions - function names not used elsewhere - applied to any enclosing universal variables. In RDF, Skolemization amounts to replacing every blank node in a graph by a 'new' name, i.e. a URI reference which is guaranteed to not occur anywhere else. In effect, it gives 'arbitrary' names to the anonymous entities whose existence was asserted by the use of blank nodes: the arbitrariness of the names ensures that nothing can be inferred that would not follow from the bare assertion of existence represented by the blank node. (Using a literal would not do. Literals are never 'new' in the required sense.)
Variables can be persisted as they appear in their serialization ``(?varName)`` - since they only need be unique within their scope (the context of their associated statements)
These syntactic conventions can facilitate term round-tripping.
Variables by Scope
------------------
Would an interface be needed in order to facilitate a quick way to aggregate all the variables in a scope (given by a formula identifier)? An interface such as:
.. code-block:: python
def variables(formula_identifier)
The Need to Skolemize Formula Identifiers
-----------------------------------------
It would seem reasonable to assume that a formula-aware store would assign Blank Node identifiers as names of formulae that appear in a N3 serialization. So for instance, the following bit of N3:
.. code-block:: text
{?x a :N3Programmer} => {?x :has :Migrane}
Could be interpreted as the assertion of the following statement:
.. code-block:: text
_:a log:implies _:b
However, how are ``_:a`` and ``_:b`` distinguished from other Blank Nodes? A formula-aware store would be expected to persist the first set of statements as quoted statements in a formula named ``_:a`` and the second set as quoted statements in a formula named ``_:b``, but it would not be cost-effective for a serializer to have to query the store for all statements in a context named ``_:a`` in order to determine if ``_:a`` was associated with a formula (so that it could be serialized properly).
Relying on ``log:Formula`` Membership
-------------------------------------
The store could rely on explicit ``log:Formula`` membership (via ``rdf:type`` statements) to model the distinction of Blank Nodes associated with formulae. However, would these statements be expected from an N3 parser or known implicitly by the store? i.e., would all such Blank Nodes match the following pattern:
.. code-block:: text
?formula rdf:type log:Formula
Relying on an Explicit Interface
--------------------------------
A formula-aware store could also support the persistence of this distinction by implementing a method that returns an iterator over all the formulae in the store:
.. code-block:: python
def formulae(triple=None)
This function would return all the Blank Node identifiers assigned to formulae or just those that contain statements matching the given triple pattern and would be the way a serializer determines if a term refers to a formula (in order to properly serializer it).
How much would such an interface reduce the need to model formulae terms as first class objects (perhaps to be returned by the :meth:`~rdflib.Graph.triple` function)? Would it be more useful for the :class:`~rdflib.Graph` (or the store itself) to return a Context object in place of a formula term (using the formulae interface to make this determination)?
Conversely, would these interfaces (variables and formulae) be considered optimizations only since you have the distinction by the kinds of terms triples returns (which would be expanded to include variables and formulae)?
Persisting Formula Identifiers
------------------------------
This is the most straight forward way to maintain this distinction - without relying on extra interfaces. Formula identifiers could be persisted distinctly from other terms by using the following notation:
.. code-block:: text
{_:bnode} or {<.. URI ..>}
This would facilitate their persistence round-trip - same as the other terms that rely on N3 syntax to distinguish between each other.
rdflib-6.1.1/docs/plugin_parsers.rst 0000664 0000000 0000000 00000003757 14157741553 0017530 0 ustar 00root root 0000000 0000000 .. _plugin_parsers: Plugin parsers
==============
Plugin parsers
==============
These serializers are available in default RDFLib, you can use them by
passing the name to graph's :meth:`~rdflib.graph.Graph.parse` method::
graph.parse(my_url, format='n3')
The ``html`` parser will auto-detect RDFa, HTurtle or Microdata.
It is also possible to pass a mime-type for the ``format`` parameter::
graph.parse(my_url, format='application/rdf+xml')
If you are not sure what format your file will be, you can use :func:`rdflib.util.guess_format` which will guess based on the file extension.
========= ====================================================================
Name Class
========= ====================================================================
json-ld :class:`~rdflib.plugins.parsers.jsonld.JsonLDParser`
hext :class:`~rdflib.plugins.parsers.hext.HextuplesParser`
html :class:`~rdflib.plugins.parsers.structureddata.StructuredDataParser`
n3 :class:`~rdflib.plugins.parsers.notation3.N3Parser`
nquads :class:`~rdflib.plugins.parsers.nquads.NQuadsParser`
nt :class:`~rdflib.plugins.parsers.ntriples.NTParser`
trix :class:`~rdflib.plugins.parsers.trix.TriXParser`
turtle :class:`~rdflib.plugins.parsers.notation3.TurtleParser`
xml :class:`~rdflib.plugins.parsers.rdfxml.RDFXMLParser`
========= ====================================================================
Multi-graph IDs
---------------
Note that for correct parsing of multi-graph data, e.g. Trig, HexT, etc., into a ``ConjunctiveGraph`` or a ``Dataset``,
as opposed to a context-unaware ``Graph``, you will need to set the ``publicID`` of the ``ConjunctiveGraph`` a
``Dataset`` to the identifier of the ``default_context`` (default graph), for example::
d = Dataset()
d.parse(
data=""" ... """,
format="trig",
publicID=d.default_context.identifier
)
(from the file tests/test_serializer_hext.py)
rdflib-6.1.1/docs/plugin_query_results.rst 0000664 0000000 0000000 00000003022 14157741553 0020760 0 ustar 00root root 0000000 0000000 .. _plugin_query_results: Plugin query results
====================
Plugin query results
====================
Plugins for reading and writing of (SPARQL) :class:`~rdflib.query.QueryResult` - pass ``name`` to either :meth:`~rdflib.query.QueryResult.parse` or :meth:`~rdflib.query.QueryResult.serialize`
Parsers
-------
==== ====================================================================
Name Class
==== ====================================================================
csv :class:`~rdflib.plugins.sparql.results.csvresults.CSVResultParser`
json :class:`~rdflib.plugins.sparql.results.jsonresults.JSONResultParser`
tsv :class:`~rdflib.plugins.sparql.results.tsvresults.TSVResultParser`
xml :class:`~rdflib.plugins.sparql.results.xmlresults.XMLResultParser`
==== ====================================================================
Serializers
-----------
==== ========================================================================
Name Class
==== ========================================================================
csv :class:`~rdflib.plugins.sparql.results.csvresults.CSVResultSerializer`
json :class:`~rdflib.plugins.sparql.results.jsonresults.JSONResultSerializer`
txt :class:`~rdflib.plugins.sparql.results.txtresults.TXTResultSerializer`
xml :class:`~rdflib.plugins.sparql.results.xmlresults.XMLResultSerializer`
==== ========================================================================
rdflib-6.1.1/docs/plugin_serializers.rst 0000664 0000000 0000000 00000003770 14157741553 0020400 0 ustar 00root root 0000000 0000000 .. _plugin_serializers: Plugin serializers
==================
Plugin serializers
==================
These serializers are available in default RDFLib, you can use them by
passing the name to a graph's :meth:`~rdflib.graph.Graph.serialize` method::
print graph.serialize(format='n3')
It is also possible to pass a mime-type for the ``format`` parameter::
graph.serialize(my_url, format='application/rdf+xml')
========== ===============================================================
Name Class
========== ===============================================================
json-ld :class:`~rdflib.plugins.serializers.jsonld.JsonLDSerializer`
n3 :class:`~rdflib.plugins.serializers.n3.N3Serializer`
nquads :class:`~rdflib.plugins.serializers.nquads.NQuadsSerializer`
nt :class:`~rdflib.plugins.serializers.nt.NTSerializer`
hext :class:`~rdflib.plugins.serializers.hext.HextuplesSerializer`
pretty-xml :class:`~rdflib.plugins.serializers.rdfxml.PrettyXMLSerializer`
trig :class:`~rdflib.plugins.serializers.trig.TrigSerializer`
trix :class:`~rdflib.plugins.serializers.trix.TriXSerializer`
turtle :class:`~rdflib.plugins.serializers.turtle.TurtleSerializer`
longturtle :class:`~rdflib.plugins.serializers.turtle.LongTurtleSerializer`
xml :class:`~rdflib.plugins.serializers.rdfxml.XMLSerializer`
========== ===============================================================
JSON-LD
-------
JSON-LD - 'json-ld' - has been incorprated in rdflib since v6.0.0.
HexTuples
---------
The HexTuples Serializer - 'hext' - uses the HexTuples format defined at https://github.com/ontola/hextuples.
For serialization of non-context-aware data sources, e.g. a single ``Graph``, the 'graph' field (6th variable in the
Hextuple) will be an empty string.
For context-aware (multi-graph) serialization, the 'graph' field of the default graph will be an empty string and
the values for other graphs will be Blank Node IDs or IRIs.
rdflib-6.1.1/docs/plugin_stores.rst 0000664 0000000 0000000 00000006304 14157741553 0017357 0 ustar 00root root 0000000 0000000 .. _plugin_stores: Plugin stores
=============
Plugin stores
=============
Built In
--------
The following Stores are contained within the rdflib core package:
================= ============================================================
Name Class
================= ============================================================
Auditable :class:`~rdflib.plugins.stores.auditable.AuditableStore`
Concurrent :class:`~rdflib.plugins.stores.concurrent.ConcurrentStore`
SimpleMemory :class:`~rdflib.plugins.stores.memory.SimpleMemory`
Memory :class:`~rdflib.plugins.stores.memory.Memory`
SPARQLStore :class:`~rdflib.plugins.stores.sparqlstore.SPARQLStore`
SPARQLUpdateStore :class:`~rdflib.plugins.stores.sparqlstore.SPARQLUpdateStore`
BerkeleyDB :class:`~rdflib.plugins.stores.berkeleydb.BerkeleyDB`
default :class:`~rdflib.plugins.stores.memory.Memory`
================= ============================================================
External
--------
The following Stores are defined externally to rdflib's core package, so look to their documentation elsewhere for
specific details of use.
================= ==================================================== =============================================================================================
Name Repository Notes
================= ==================================================== =============================================================================================
SQLAlchemy ``_ An SQLAlchemy-backed, formula-aware RDFLib Store. Tested dialects are: SQLite, MySQL & PostgreSQL
leveldb ``_ An adaptation of RDFLib BerkeleyDB Store’s key-value approach, using LevelDB as a back-end
Kyoto Cabinet ``_ An adaptation of RDFLib BerkeleyDB Store’s key-value approach, using Kyoto Cabinet as a back-end
HDT ``_ A Store back-end for rdflib to allow for reading and querying `HDT `_ documents
Oxigraph ``_ Works with the `Pyoxigraph `_ Python graph database library
================= ==================================================== =============================================================================================
_If you have, or know of a Store implementation and would like it listed here, please submit a Pull Request!_
Use
---
You can use these stores like this:
.. code-block:: python
from rdflib import Graph
# use the default memory Store
graph = Graph()
# use the BerkeleyDB Store
graph = Graph(store="BerkeleyDB")
In some cases, you must explicitly _open_ and _close_ a store, for example:
.. code-block:: python
from rdflib import Graph
# use the BerkeleyDB Store
graph = Graph(store="BerkeleyDB")
graph.open("/some/folder/location")
# do things ...
graph.close()
rdflib-6.1.1/docs/plugins.rst 0000664 0000000 0000000 00000000765 14157741553 0016150 0 ustar 00root root 0000000 0000000
Plugins
=======
.. image:: /_static/plugins-diagram.*
:alt: rdflib plugin "architecture"
:width: 450px
:target: _static/plugins-diagram.svg
Many parts of RDFLib are extensible with plugins, `see setuptools' 'Creating and discovering plugins' `_. These pages list the plugins included in RDFLib core.
.. toctree::
:maxdepth: 1
plugin_parsers
plugin_serializers
plugin_stores
plugin_query_results
rdflib-6.1.1/docs/plugintable.py 0000664 0000000 0000000 00000001166 14157741553 0016611 0 ustar 00root root 0000000 0000000 """
Crappy utility for generating Sphinx tables
for rdflib plugins
"""
import sys
from rdflib.plugin import _plugins
cls = sys.argv[1]
p = {}
for (name, kind), plugin in _plugins.items():
if "/" in name:
continue # skip duplicate entries for mimetypes
if cls == kind.__name__:
p[name] = "%s.%s" % (plugin.module_path, plugin.class_name)
l1 = max(len(x) for x in p)
l2 = max(10 + len(x) for x in p.values())
def hr():
print("=" * l1, "=" * l2)
hr()
print("%-*s" % (l1, "Name"), "%-*s" % (l2, "Class"))
hr()
for n in sorted(p):
print("%-*s" % (l1, n), ":class:`~%s`" % p[n])
hr()
print()
rdflib-6.1.1/docs/rdf_terms.rst 0000664 0000000 0000000 00000015050 14157741553 0016445 0 ustar 00root root 0000000 0000000 .. _rdf_terms: RDF terms in rdflib
===================
RDF terms in rdflib
===================
Terms are the kinds of objects that can appear in a quoted/asserted triples. Those that are part of core RDF concepts are: ``Blank Node``, ``URI Reference`` and ``Literal``, the latter consisting of a literal value and either a `datatype `_ or an :rfc:`3066` language tag.
All terms in RDFLib are sub-classes of the :class:`rdflib.term.Identifier` class.
Nodes are a subset of the Terms that the underlying store actually persists.
The set of such Terms depends on whether or not the store is formula-aware.
Stores that aren't formula-aware only persist those terms core to the
RDF Model but those that are formula-aware also persist the N3
extensions. However, utility terms that only serve the purpose of
matching nodes by term-patterns will probably only be terms and not nodes.
URIRefs
=======
A *URI reference* within an RDF graph is a Unicode string that does not contain any control characters ( #x00 - #x1F, #x7F-#x9F)
and would produce a valid URI character sequence representing an absolute URI with optional fragment
identifier -- `W3 RDF Concepts`__
.. __: http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-concepts/#section-Graph-URIref
.. autoclass:: rdflib.term.URIRef
:noindex:
.. code-block:: python
>>> from rdflib import URIRef
>>> uri = URIRef()
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "", line 1, in
TypeError: __new__() missing 1 required positional argument: 'value'
>>> uri = URIRef('')
>>> uri
rdflib.term.URIRef('')
>>> uri = URIRef('http://example.com')
>>> uri
rdflib.term.URIRef('http://example.com')
>>> uri.n3()
''
.. _rdflibliterals:
Literals
========
Literals are attribute values in RDF, for instance, a person's name, the date of birth, height, etc. Literals can have a datatype (i.e. this is a *double*) or a language tag (this label is in *English*).
.. autoclass:: rdflib.term.Literal
:noindex:
A literal in an RDF graph contains one or two named components.
All literals have a lexical form being a Unicode string, which SHOULD be in Normal Form C.
Plain literals have a lexical form and optionally a language tag as defined by :rfc:`3066`, normalized to lowercase. An exception will be raised if illegal language-tags are passed to :meth:`rdflib.term.Literal.__init__`.
Typed literals have a lexical form and a datatype URI being an RDF URI reference.
.. note:: When using the language tag, care must be taken not to confuse language with locale. The language tag relates only to human language text. Presentational issues should be addressed in end-user applications.
.. note:: The case normalization of language tags is part of the description of the abstract syntax, and consequently the abstract behaviour of RDF applications. It does not constrain an RDF implementation to actually normalize the case. Crucially, the result of comparing two language tags should not be sensitive to the case of the original input. -- `RDF Concepts and Abstract Syntax`__
.. __: http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-concepts/#section-Graph-URIref
BNodes
======
In RDF, a blank node (also called BNode) is a node in an RDF graph representing a resource for which a URI or literal is not given. The resource represented by a blank node is also called an anonymous resource. According to the RDF standard, a blank node can only be used as subject or object in a triple, although in some syntaxes like Notation 3 it is acceptable to use a blank node as a predicate. If a blank node has a node ID (not all blank nodes are labelled in all RDF serializations), it is limited in scope to a particular serialization of the RDF graph, i.e. the node p1 in the subsequent example does not represent the same node as a node named p1 in any other graph --`wikipedia`__
.. __: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blank_node
.. autoclass:: rdflib.term.BNode
:noindex:
.. code-block:: python
>>> from rdflib import BNode
>>> bn = BNode()
>>> bn
rdflib.term.BNode('AFwALAKU0')
>>> bn.n3()
'_:AFwALAKU0'
Python support
--------------
RDFLib Literals essentially behave like unicode characters with an XML Schema datatype or language attribute.
.. image:: /_static/datatype_hierarchy.png
:alt: datatype hierarchy
:align: center
:width: 629
:height: 717
The class provides a mechanism to both convert Python literals (and their built-ins such as time/date/datetime) into equivalent RDF Literals and (conversely) convert Literals to their Python equivalent. This mapping to and from Python literals is done as follows:
====================== ===========
XML Datatype Python type
====================== ===========
None None [#f1]_
xsd:time time [#f2]_
xsd:date date
xsd:dateTime datetime
xsd:string None
xsd:normalizedString None
xsd:token None
xsd:language None
xsd:boolean boolean
xsd:decimal Decimal
xsd:integer long
xsd:nonPositiveInteger int
xsd:long long
xsd:nonNegativeInteger int
xsd:negativeInteger int
xsd:int long
xsd:unsignedLong long
xsd:positiveInteger int
xsd:short int
xsd:unsignedInt long
xsd:byte int
xsd:unsignedShort int
xsd:unsignedByte int
xsd:float float
xsd:double float
xsd:base64Binary :mod:`base64`
xsd:anyURI None
rdf:XMLLiteral :class:`xml.dom.minidom.Document` [#f3]_
rdf:HTML :class:`xml.dom.minidom.DocumentFragment`
====================== ===========
.. [#f1] plain literals map directly to value space
.. [#f2] Date, time and datetime literals are mapped to Python
instances using the `isodate `_
package).
.. [#f3] this is a bit dirty - by accident the ``html5lib`` parser
produces ``DocumentFragments``, and the xml parser ``Documents``,
letting us use this to decide what datatype when round-tripping.
An appropriate data-type and lexical representation can be found using:
.. autofunction:: rdflib.term._castPythonToLiteral
and the other direction with
.. autofunction:: rdflib.term._castLexicalToPython
All this happens automatically when creating ``Literal`` objects by passing Python objects to the constructor, and you never have to do this manually.
You can add custom data-types with :func:`rdflib.term.bind`, see also :mod:`examples.custom_datatype`
rdflib-6.1.1/docs/sphinx-requirements.txt 0000664 0000000 0000000 00000000121 14157741553 0020512 0 ustar 00root root 0000000 0000000 sphinx==4.3.1
sphinxcontrib-apidoc
git+https://github.com/gniezen/n3pygments.git
rdflib-6.1.1/docs/upgrade4to5.rst 0000664 0000000 0000000 00000031046 14157741553 0016626 0 ustar 00root root 0000000 0000000 .. _upgrade4to5: Upgrading from RDFLib version 4.2.2 to 5.0.0
============================================
Upgrading 4.2.2 to 5.0.0
============================================
RDFLib version 5.0.0 appeared over 3 years after the previous release, 4.2.2 and contains a large number of both enhancements and bug fixes. Fundamentally though, 5.0.0 is compatible with 4.2.2.
Major Changes
-------------
Literal Ordering
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Literal total ordering `PR #793 `_ is implemented. That means all literals can now be compared to be greater than or less than any other literal.
This is required for implementing some specific SPARQL features, but it is counter-intuitive to those who are expecting a TypeError when certain normally-incompatible types are compared.
For example, comparing a ``Literal(int(1), datatype=xsd:integer)`` to ``Literal(datetime.date(10,01,2020), datatype=xsd:date)`` using a ``>`` or ``<`` operator in rdflib 4.2.2 and earlier, would normally throw a TypeError,
however in rdflib 5.0.0 this operation now returns a True or False according to the Literal Total Ordering according the rules outlined in `PR #793 `_
Removed RDF Parsers
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
The RDFa and Microdata format RDF parsers were removed from rdflib. There are still other python libraries available to implement these parsers.
All Changes
-----------
This list has been assembled from Pull Request and commit information.
General Bugs Fixed:
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
* Pr 451 redux
`PR #978 `_
* NTriples fails to parse URIs with only a scheme
`ISSUE #920 `_
`PR #974 `_
* cannot clone it on windows - Remove colons from test result files. Fix #901.
`ISSUE #901 `_
`PR #971 `_
* Add requirement for requests to setup.py
`PR #969 `_
* fixed URIRef including native unicode characters
`PR #961 `_
* DCTERMS.format not working
`ISSUE #932 `_
* infixowl.manchesterSyntax do not encode strings
`PR #906 `_
* Fix blank node label to not contain '_:' during parsing
`PR #886 `_
* rename new SPARQLWrapper to SPARQLConnector
`PR #872 `_
* Fix #859. Unquote and Uriquote Literal Datatype.
`PR #860 `_
* Parsing nquads
`ISSUE #786 `_
* ntriples spec allows for upper-cased lang tag, fixes #782
`PR #784 `_
* Error parsing N-Triple file using RDFlib
`ISSUE #782 `_
* Adds escaped single quote to literal parser
`PR #736 `_
* N3 parse error on single quote within single quotes
`ISSUE #732 `_
* Fixed #725
`PR #730 `_
* test for issue #725: canonicalization collapses BNodes
`PR #726 `_
* RGDA1 graph canonicalization sometimes still collapses distinct BNodes
`ISSUE #725 `_
* Accept header should use a q parameter
`PR #720 `_
* Added test for Issue #682 and fixed.
`PR #718 `_
* Incompatibility with Python3: unichr
`ISSUE #687 `_
* namespace.py include colon in ALLOWED_NAME_CHARS
`PR #663 `_
* namespace.py fix compute_qname missing namespaces
`PR #649 `_
* RDFa parsing Error! `__init__()` got an unexpected keyword argument 'encoding'
`ISSUE #639 `_
* Bugfix: `term.Literal.__add__`
`PR #451 `_
* fixup of #443
`PR #445 `_
* Microdata to rdf second edition bak
`PR #444 `_
Enhanced Features:
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
* Register additional serializer plugins for SPARQL mime types.
`PR #987 `_
* Pr 388 redux
`PR #979 `_
* Allows RDF terms introduced by JSON-LD 1.1
`PR #970 `_
* make SPARQLConnector work with DBpedia
`PR #941 `_
* ClosedNamespace returns right exception for way of access
`PR #866 `_
* Not adding all namespaces for n3 serializer
`PR #832 `_
* Adds basic support of xsd:duration
`PR #808 `_
* Add possibility to set authority and basepath to skolemize graph
`PR #807 `_
* Change notation3 list realization to non-recursive function.
`PR #805 `_
* Suppress warning for not using custom encoding.
`PR #800 `_
* Add support to parsing large xml inputs
`ISSUE #749 `_
`PR #750 `_
* improve hash efficiency by directly using str/unicode hash
`PR #746 `_
* Added the csvw prefix to the RDFa initial context.
`PR #594 `_
* syncing changes from pyMicrodata
`PR #587 `_
* Microdata parser: updated the parser to the latest version of the microdata->rdf note (published in December 2014)
`PR #443 `_
* Literal.toPython() support for xsd:hexBinary
`PR #388 `_
SPARQL Fixes:
^^^^^^^^^^^^^
* Total order patch patch
`PR #862 `_
* use <<= instead of deprecated <<
`PR #861 `_
* Fix #847
`PR #856